{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T14:16:34Z","timestamp":1775744194363,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,1]],"date-time":"2004-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1091318400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine Supplements"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,24]],"date-time":"2004-09-24T15:56:47Z","timestamp":1096041407000},"page":"3-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"S1","title":["Streptococcus pneumoniae: Epidemiology and patterns of resistance"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Michael R","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.2_Supplement.35S","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"108","author":"Mandell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB2","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Antimicrobial treatment guidelines for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis","volume":"130","year":"2004","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199709000-00007","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal colonization in Costa Rican children during the first year of life","volume":"16","author":"Vives","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1086\/516103","article-title":"Duration of nasopharyngeal carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"25","author":"Ekdahl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200103000-00014","article-title":"Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization in young South Indian infants","volume":"20","author":"Coles","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/132.1.55","article-title":"Spread of Streptococcus pneumoniae in families. I. Carriage rates and distribution of types","volume":"132","author":"Hendley","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200111000-00004","article-title":"Pneumococcal carriage in children during their first two years","volume":"20","author":"Leino","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960050399","article-title":"Epidemiological study of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriers in healthy primary-school children","volume":"18","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0701.010114","article-title":"Active bacterial core surveillance of the emerging infections program network","volume":"7","author":"Schuchat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200211000-00007","article-title":"Multinational study of pneumococcal serotypes causing acute otitis media in children","volume":"21","author":"Hausdorff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1086\/323027","article-title":"Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates and the antimicrobial susceptibility of such isolates in children with otitis media","volume":"33","author":"Joloba","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512143332408","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"333","author":"Bartlett","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530260048030","article-title":"Prognosis and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"275","author":"Fine","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1086\/319250","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment in acute otitis media promotes superinfection with resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae carried before initiation of treatment","volume":"183","author":"Dagan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1086\/319604","article-title":"Measuring and interpreting associations between antibiotic use and penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"32","author":"Lipsitch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/nm839","article-title":"Geographic diversity and temporal trends of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States","volume":"9","author":"McCormick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199611073351907","article-title":"Antimicrobial-drug resistance","volume":"335","author":"Gold","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(01)00475-7","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance trends in community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens in the Western Pacific Region and South Africa","volume":"19","author":"Bell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-999-0004-8","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"1","author":"Jacobs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/43.5.645","article-title":"Anti-pneumococcal activity of gatifloxacin compared with other quinolone and non-quinolone agents","volume":"43","author":"Hoellman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.3.624","article-title":"Susceptibilities of penicillin- and erythromycin-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci to HMR 3647 (RU 66647), a new ketolide, compared with susceptibilities to 17 other agents","volume":"42","author":"Pankuch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/44.3.381","article-title":"Antipneumococcal activity of MEN 10700, a new penem, compared with other compounds, by MIC and time-kill kinetics","volume":"44","author":"Pankuch","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.1.42-46.2002","article-title":"Antipneumococcal activity of ertapenem (MK-0826) compared to those of other agents","volume":"46","author":"Pankuch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1038\/21202","article-title":"Emergence of vancomycin tolerance in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"399","author":"Novak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg321","article-title":"The Alexander Project 1998\u20132000","volume":"52","author":"Jacobs","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2004.03.008","article-title":"Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis to 17 oral antimicrobial agents based on pharmacodynamic parameters","volume":"24","author":"Jacobs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/45.2.191","article-title":"The Alexander Project 1996\u20131997","volume":"45","author":"Felmingham","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200012283432603","article-title":"Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States","volume":"343","author":"Whitney","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.8.1901","article-title":"Susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae to 10 oral antimicrobial agents based on pharmacodynamic parameters","volume":"43","author":"Jacobs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB30","first-page":"60","article-title":"Outbreaks of pneumococcal pneumonia among unvaccinated residents of chronic-care facilities","volume":"46","author":"Kludt","year":"1997","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB31","first-page":"255","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of resistance to commonly used non-betalactam drugs in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"14","author":"Widdowson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Respir Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg255","article-title":"Stretching the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) beyond its limits","volume":"51","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1999.5.91","article-title":"Penicillin-binding proteins in beta-lactam-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"5","author":"Hakenbeck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1086\/341980","article-title":"In vivo veritas","volume":"35","author":"Jacobs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1086\/341978","article-title":"Failure of macrolide antibiotic treatment in patients with bacteremia due to erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"35","author":"Lonks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200002000-00002","article-title":"Bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of amoxicillin\/clavulanate vs. azithromycin in acute otitis media","volume":"19","author":"Dagan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.1.43-50.2000","article-title":"Bacteriologic efficacies of oral azithromycin and oral cefaclor in treatment of acute otitis media in infants and young children","volume":"44","author":"Dagan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.15.1857","article-title":"Macrolide resistance among invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates","volume":"286","author":"Hyde","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1086\/315853","article-title":"The emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to macrolide antimicrobial agents","volume":"182","author":"Gay","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0402.980216","article-title":"Emergence of the M phenotype of erythromycin-resistant pneumococci in South Africa","volume":"4","author":"Widdowson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1089\/10766290252913728","article-title":"Increased prevalence of erythromycin resistance in streptococci","volume":"8","author":"Hsueh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/S0369-8114(01)00212-7","article-title":"Distribution of macrolide resistance genes erm(B) and mef(A) among 160 penicillin-intermediate clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in southern France","volume":"49","author":"Marchandin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pathol Biol (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/44.1.1","article-title":"Pneumococcal macrolide resistance","volume":"44","author":"Amsden","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/49.3.433","article-title":"The in vivo\u2013in vitro paradox in pneumococcal respiratory tract infections","volume":"49","author":"Bishai","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.2.739-746.2003","article-title":"Influence of macrolide susceptibility on efficacies of clarithromycin and azithromycin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in a murine lung infection model","volume":"47","author":"Hoffman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.12.2760","article-title":"High-level fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae requires mutations in parC and gyrA","volume":"40","author":"Janoir","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.3.808-812.2002","article-title":"Expression of efflux pump gene pmrA in fluoroquinolone-resistant and -susceptible clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"46","author":"Piddock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.65.2.232-260.2001","article-title":"Tetracycline antibiotics","volume":"65","author":"Chopra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.7.2236-2241.2003","article-title":"Phenotypic and molecular characterization of tetracycline- and erythromycin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"47","author":"Montanari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.12.2891","article-title":"Identification of the tetracycline resistance gene, tet(O), in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"40","author":"Widdowson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/42.5.613","article-title":"The presence of the tetO gene in a variety of tetracycline-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes from Washington State","volume":"42","author":"Luna","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.1.1","article-title":"Tetracycline resistance mediated by ribosomal protection","volume":"40","author":"Taylor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1086\/374556","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia","volume":"36","author":"Ruhe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(03)90042-7","article-title":"Bacteremic pneumococcal infections in immunocompromised patients without AIDS","volume":"7","author":"Fernandez Guerrero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2002.03457.x","article-title":"Early and late invasive pneumococcal infection following stem cell transplantation","volume":"117","author":"Engelhard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1086\/322040","article-title":"The etiology of community-acquired pneumonia at an urban public hospital","volume":"184","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200204000-00004","article-title":"Invasive pneumococcal infections in children with asplenia","volume":"21","author":"Schutze","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-200104000-00009","article-title":"Prevalence of penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae in nasopharyngeal cultures from patients with sickle cell disease","volume":"94","author":"Sakhalkar","year":"2001","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1086\/319222","article-title":"Risk factors for acquisition of levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"32","author":"Ho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB60","unstructured":"NCCLS. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically: approved standard. 5th ed. Wayne, PA: NCCLS; 2000; Document M7-A5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB61","unstructured":"NCCLS. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 12th Informational Supplement. Wayne, PA: NCCLS, 2002. NCCLS Publication M100-S12"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199611000-00010","article-title":"Impaired bacteriologic response to oral cephalosporins in acute otitis media caused by pneumococci with intermediate resistance to penicillin","volume":"15","author":"Dagan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1086\/514120","article-title":"Bacteriologic response to oral cephalosporins","volume":"176","author":"Dagan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.1.271","article-title":"In vivo correlates for Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin resistance in acute otitis media","volume":"39","author":"Gehanno","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200005001-00009","article-title":"Clinical significance of antibiotic resistance in acute otitis media and implication of antibiotic treatment on carriage and spread of resistant organisms","volume":"19","author":"Dagan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/516284","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic parameters","volume":"26","author":"Craig","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB67","first-page":"68","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines for treatment of bacterial respiratory tract infections in the era of antibiotic resistance","volume":"14","author":"Jacobs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Manag Care Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1198-743x.2001.00295.x","article-title":"Optimisation of antimicrobial therapy using pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters","volume":"7","author":"Jacobs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"suppl A","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/38.suppl_A.141","article-title":"Relevance of the Alexander Project","volume":"38","author":"Drusano","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.6.1721-1729.2001","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States during 1999\u20132000, including a comparison of resistance rates since 1994\u20131995","volume":"45","author":"Doern","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.10.2504","article-title":"Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"43","author":"Zhanel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003_BIB72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.6.1867-1874.2003","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis respiratory tract Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates","volume":"47","author":"Zhanel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine Supplements"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1548276604000032?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1548276604000032?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]],"date-time":"2020-04-03T05:51:09Z","timestamp":1585893069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1548276604000032"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1548276604000032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1548-2766"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1548-2766","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]}}}