{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:54:14Z","timestamp":1791161654090,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]],"date-time":"2009-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]],"date-time":"2009-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["amjmed.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,31]],"date-time":"2009-01-31T04:16:50Z","timestamp":1233375410000},"page":"S33-S45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Osteonecrosis of the Jaw and the Role of Bisphosphonates: A Critical Review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Stuart L.","family":"Silverman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Landesberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(03)00720-1","article-title":"Pamidronate (Aredia) and zoledronate (Zometa) induced avascular necrosis of the jaws: a growing epidemic","volume":"61","author":"Marx","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.99.132","article-title":"Bisphosphonates and oral cavity avascular bone necrosis","volume":"21","author":"Migliorati","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2004.02.004","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with the use of bisphosphonates: a review of 63 cases","volume":"62","author":"Ruggiero","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2005.07.010","article-title":"Bisphosphonate-induced exposed bone (osteonecrosis\/osteopetrosis) of the jaws: risk factors, recognition, prevention, and treatment","volume":"63","author":"Marx","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2006.0355","article-title":"Dental management of patients receiving oral bisphosphonate therapy: expert panel recommendations","volume":"137","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.0707onj","article-title":"Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research","volume":"22","author":"Khosla","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib9","first-page":"801","article-title":"Bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw","volume":"35","author":"Sambrook","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust Fam Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1200\/jop.2006.2.1.7","article-title":"Practical guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with cancer","volume":"2","author":"Ruggiero","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Oncol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2007.08.003","article-title":"Oral bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis: risk factors, prediction of risk using serum CTX testing, prevention, and treatment","volume":"65","author":"Marx","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib13","unstructured":"de Papp AE, Kagan R, Buinewicz A, et al. Reference range for bone turnover markers in healthy premenopausal women: a comparison of oral contraceptive users and non-users. Presented at the 27th Annual Meeting of the ASBMR; 2005; Nashville, Tennessee. Abstract SU158."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2006.00391.x","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the jaws in patients treated with bisphosphonates: histomorphologic analysis in comparison with infected osteoradionecrosis","volume":"35","author":"Hansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2005.09.018","article-title":"Actinomycosis in infected osteoradionecrosis: underestimated?","volume":"37","author":"Hansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.04.015","article-title":"Severe osteomyelitis of the jaw in long-term survivors of multiple myeloma: a new clinical entity","volume":"117","author":"Lugassy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1086\/341417","article-title":"Osteomyelitis in elderly patients","volume":"35","author":"Cunha","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2004.06.010","article-title":"DNA-DNA hybridization demonstrates multiple bacteria in osteoradionecrosis","volume":"34","author":"St\u00f8re","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib19","series-title":"Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases","first-page":"2280","article-title":"Agents of actinomycosis","author":"Russo","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.7.2371-2380.1996","article-title":"Bacterially induced bone destruction: mechanisms and misconceptions","volume":"64","author":"Nair","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00009","article-title":"Systematic review: bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaws","volume":"144","author":"Woo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib22","first-page":"268","article-title":"Bisphosphonates and avascular necrosis of the jaws","volume":"48","author":"Carter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200507073530120","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonates [letter]","volume":"353","author":"Durie","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060712","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the jaw: more research needed [editorial]","volume":"21","author":"Shane","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa067312","article-title":"Once-yearly zoledronic acid 5 mg for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"356","author":"Black","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0017","article-title":"Incidence of osteonecrosis of the jaw in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis in the Health Outcomes and Reduced Incidence with Zoledronic Acid Once Yearly Pivotal Fracture Trial","volume":"139","author":"Grbic","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.080205","article-title":"Frequency and risk factors associated with osteonecrosis of the jaw in cancer patients treated with intravenous bisphosphonates","volume":"23","author":"Hoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib28","unstructured":"Murad O, Arora S, Farag A, Guber H. Bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw: a retrospective study. Presented at ENDO 2006: The Endocrine Society's 88th Annual Meeting; June 24-27, 2006; Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract P2-500."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0016","article-title":"Bisphosphonate use and the risk of adverse jaw outcomes: a medical claims study of 714,217 people","volume":"139","author":"Cartsos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib30","first-page":"3078","article-title":"Kiefernekrosen nach hoch dosierter Bisphosphonattherapie","volume":"103","author":"Felsenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.2217\/1745509X.3.6.731","article-title":"Impact of osteonecrosis of the jaw on osteoporosis management: executive summary of an ESCEO and Foundation for Research on Osteoporosis and Other Bone Diseases Working Group Meeting","volume":"6","author":"Rizzoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aging Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2006.10.061","article-title":"The nature and frequency of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws in Australia","volume":"65","author":"Mavrokokki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.04.196","article-title":"Is bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw caused by soft tissue toxicity?","volume":"41","author":"Reid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2008.01.026","article-title":"Inhibition of oral mucosal cell wound healing by bisphosphonates","volume":"66","author":"Landesberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199610033351403","article-title":"Esophagitis associated with the use of alendronate","volume":"335","author":"de Groen","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600830521","article-title":"Cytotoxic effects of pamidronate on monolayers of human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells and its epithelial transport","volume":"83","author":"Twiss","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.5.784","article-title":"The effects of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates on human epithelial (Caco-2) cells, an in vitro model for intestinal epithelium","volume":"14","author":"Twiss","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1999.00658.x","article-title":"N-bisphosphonates cause gastric epithelial injury independent of effects on the microcirculation","volume":"13","author":"Wallace","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(01)00589-0","article-title":"Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates induce apoptosis of Caco-2 cells in vitro by inhibiting the mevalonate pathway: a model of bisphosphonate-induced gastrointestinal toxicity","volume":"29","author":"Suri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/84.10.788","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of pamidronate in patients with bone metastases","volume":"84","author":"Leyvraz","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4347(95)00531-5","article-title":"Extraction and measurement of pamidronate from bone samples using automated pre-column derivatization, high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection","volume":"678","author":"King","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555853","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics and distribution of pamidronate for a range of doses in the mouse","volume":"49","author":"Hoggarth","year":"1991","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070609","article-title":"Microcrack frequency and bone remodeling in postmenopausal osteoporotic women on long-term bisphosphonates: a bone biopsy study","volume":"22","author":"Chapurlat","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.04.198","article-title":"Low bone mineral density is associated with bone microdamage accumulation in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis","volume":"41","author":"Stepan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib45","first-page":"S45","article-title":"A 5-year randomized trial of the long-term efficacy and safety of alendronate: the FIT Long-term Extension (FLEX) [abstract]","volume":"19","author":"Black","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030897","article-title":"Ten years' experience with alendronate for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women","volume":"350","author":"Bone","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2003.12.013","article-title":"Risedronate preserves bone architecture in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis as measured by three-dimensional microcomputed tomography","volume":"34","author":"Borah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119668","article-title":"Histomorphometric assessment of the long-term effects of alendronate on bone quality and remodeling in patients with osteoporosis","volume":"100","author":"Chavassieux","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1185\/030079904X20259","article-title":"Trabecular bone microarchitecture after alendronate treatment of osteoporotic women","volume":"21","author":"Recker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib50","first-page":"S45","article-title":"Normal bone histomorphometry and 3D microarchitecture after 10 years alendronate treatment of postmenopausal women [abstract]","volume":"19","author":"Recker","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.01.161","article-title":"Long-term risedronate treatment normalizes mineralization and continues to preserve trabecular architecture: sequential triple biopsy studies with micro-computed tomography","volume":"39","author":"Borah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00869-4","article-title":"Effects of long-term risedronate on bone quality and bone turnover in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"31","author":"Eriksen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib53","first-page":"S14","article-title":"ZOL safety and efficacy over 5 years in post-menopausal osteoporosis","volume":"17","author":"Devogelaer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1185\/030079904125004475","article-title":"Bone safety of long-term bisphosphonate treatment","volume":"20","author":"Rodan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000194078.32776.31","article-title":"Does alendronate prevent collapse in osteonecrosis of the femoral head?","volume":"443","author":"Nishii","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib56","first-page":"2155","article-title":"The use of alendronate to prevent early collapse of the femoral head in patients with nontraumatic osteonecrosis: a randomized clinical study","volume":"87","author":"Lai","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh481","article-title":"Efficacy of alendronate, a bisphosphonate, in the treatment of AVN of the hip: a prospective open-label study [published correction appears in Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44:569]","volume":"44","author":"Agarwala","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib58","first-page":"6538","article-title":"Bisphosphonates inhibit angiogenesis in vitro and testosterone-stimulated vascular regrowth in the ventral prostate in castrated rats","volume":"62","author":"Fournier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.035295","article-title":"Novel antiangiogenic effects of the bisphosphonate compound zoledronic acid","volume":"302","author":"Wood","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pharm Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2002.33724b","article-title":"Pathogenesis and natural history of osteonecrosis","volume":"32","author":"Assouline-Dayan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002934308011935?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002934308011935?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T08:49:50Z","timestamp":1757580590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002934308011935"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002934308011935"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9343","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Osteonecrosis of the Jaw and the Role of Bisphosphonates: A Critical Review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}