{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:00:32Z","timestamp":1791896432737,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["amjmed.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,4]],"date-time":"2009-12-04T04:35:56Z","timestamp":1259901356000},"page":"S14-S21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Don L.","family":"Goldenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.2.221","article-title":"Overlapping conditions among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and temporomandibular disorder","volume":"160","author":"Aaron","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0807","article-title":"Comorbidity of fibromyalgia and psychiatric disorders","volume":"67","author":"Arnold","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-006-0055-6","article-title":"Update on rheumatologic mimics of fibromyalgia","volume":"10","author":"Hwang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330203","article-title":"The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for the Classification of Fibromyalgia: report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee","volume":"33","author":"Wolfe","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib5","series-title":"Fibromyalgia & Other Central Pain Syndromes","first-page":"125","article-title":"Symptoms and signs of fibromyalgia syndrome: an overview","author":"Yunus","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(01)00002-3","article-title":"A comprehensive medical evaluation of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Yunus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-002-0271-2","article-title":"Nerve conduction tests in patients with fibromyalgia: comparison with normal controls","volume":"23","author":"Ersoz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03390200122026","article-title":"Fibromyalgia syndrome: an emerging but controversial condition","volume":"257","author":"Goldenberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib9","first-page":"62","article-title":"A controlled study of primary fibromyalgia syndrome: clinical features and association with other functional syndromes","volume":"19","author":"Yunus","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Rheumatol Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib10","first-page":"485","article-title":"Fibromyalgia in men: comparison of clinical features with women","volume":"27","author":"Yunus","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib11","first-page":"1415","article-title":"Fibromyalgia syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Mease","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-006-0056-5","article-title":"Physical therapy and other nonpharmacologic approaches to fibromyalgia management","volume":"10","author":"Blehm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(01)00008-4","article-title":"Office management of fibromyalgia","volume":"28","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.56.4.268","article-title":"The relation between tender points and fibromyalgia symptom variables: evidence that fibromyalgia is not a discrete disorder in the clinic","volume":"56","author":"Wolfe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21533","article-title":"Fibromyalgia diagnosis: a comparison of clinical, survey, and American College of Rheumatology criteria","volume":"54","author":"Katz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib16","first-page":"369","article-title":"Pain extent and diagnosis: development and validation of the regional pain scale in 12,799 patients with rheumatic disease","volume":"30","author":"Wolfe","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib17","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3579(05)80051-2","article-title":"The concept of affective spectrum disorder: relationship to fibromyalgia and other syndromes of chronic fatigue and chronic muscle pain","volume":"8","author":"Hudson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1097\/01. rhu.0b013e318053d9bc","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: update on mechanisms and management","volume":"13","author":"Clauw","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib20","first-page":"546","article-title":"What use are fibromyalgia control points?","volume":"25","author":"Wolfe","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(88)90176-5","article-title":"Tender points in fibromyalgia","volume":"34","author":"Tunks","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/ncprheum0091","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: pain in fibromyalgia syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Staud","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg075","article-title":"Inaccuracy in the diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome: analysis of referrals","volume":"42","author":"Fitzcharles","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib24","series-title":"Guideline for the Management of Fibromyalgia Syndrome Pain in Adults and Children","author":"Burckhardt","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib25","first-page":"127","article-title":"Distraction as a key determinant of impaired memory in patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"33","author":"Leavitt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/00124743-200204000-00003","article-title":"Cognitive and dissociative manifestations in fibromyalgia","volume":"8","author":"Leavitt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-001-0011-8","article-title":"The role of psychiatric disorders in fibromyalgia","volume":"3","author":"McBeth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(05)70273-8","article-title":"The relationship between fibromyalgia and major depressive disorder","volume":"22","author":"Hudson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib29","first-page":"588","article-title":"Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain with or without fibromyalgia: psychological distress in a representative community adult sample","volume":"29","author":"White","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib30","first-page":"88","article-title":"Fibromyalgia and psychiatric disorders","volume":"78","author":"Fietta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000146329.63158.40","article-title":"Comorbid depression and anxiety in fibromyalgia syndrome: relationship to somatic and psychosocial variables","volume":"66","author":"Thieme","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780390311","article-title":"Psychiatric diagnoses in patients with fibromyalgia are related to health care-seeking behavior rather than to illness","volume":"39","author":"Aaron","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20485","article-title":"A double-blind, multicenter trial comparing duloxetine with placebo in the treatment of fibromyalgia patients with or without major depressive disorder","volume":"50","author":"Arnold","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-10-200705150-00006","article-title":"Narrative review: the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia","volume":"146","author":"Abeles","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2007.00332.x","article-title":"The effect of anxiety and depression on improvements in pain in a randomized, controlled trial of pregabalin for treatment of fibromyalgia","volume":"8","author":"Arnold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/ncprheum0221","article-title":"Therapy Insight: Fibromyalgia\u2014a different type of pain needing a different type of treatment","volume":"2","author":"Dadabhoy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-3154-7","article-title":"Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome and depression in fibromyalgia","volume":"51","author":"Kurland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00009","article-title":"The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study","volume":"121","author":"Fukuda","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib39","first-page":"II43","article-title":"Functional bowel disorders and functional abdominal pain","volume":"45","author":"Thompson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib40","first-page":"301","article-title":"Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: review, criteria, examinations and specifications, critique","volume":"6","author":"Dworkin","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Craniomandib Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/00039899909602251","article-title":"Multiple chemical sensitivity: a 1999 consensus","volume":"54","author":"Bartha","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib42","first-page":"1","article-title":"The International Classification of Headache Disorders","volume":"24","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)41529-1","article-title":"Summary of the National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases Workshop on Interstitial Cystitis, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, August 28-29, 1987","volume":"140","author":"Gillenwater","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib44","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain","volume":"3","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pain Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6942(03)00033-0","article-title":"Chronic diffuse musculoskeletal pain, fibromyalgia and co-morbid unexplained clinical conditions","volume":"17","author":"Aaron","year":"2003","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23265","article-title":"Health economic consequences related to the diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Annemans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21545","article-title":"The impact of a diagnosis of fibromyalgia on health care resource use by primary care patients in the UK: an observational study based on clinical practice","volume":"54","author":"Hughes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10400","article-title":"Does the label \u201dfibromyalgia\u201d alter health status, function, and health service utilization?","volume":"47","author":"White","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007_bib49","first-page":"S210","article-title":"Clinical diagnostic and severity criteria for fibromyalgia [abstract]","volume":"10","author":"Wolfe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002934309008249?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002934309008249?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T08:52:10Z","timestamp":1757580730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002934309008249"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002934309008249"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9343","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}