{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T23:59:00Z","timestamp":1793404740389,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["amjmed.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,20]],"date-time":"2011-12-20T17:37:48Z","timestamp":1324402668000},"page":"S39-S51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"special_numbering":"S","title":["The Impact of the Host on Fungal Infections"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"John R.","family":"Perfect","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1086\/587101","article-title":"When primary antifungal therapy fails","volume":"46","author":"Nucci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008449","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Elston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32832d7aff","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in non-HIV immunocompromised patients","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1086\/322044","article-title":"Host-pathogen interactions: the attributes of virulence","volume":"184","author":"Casadevall","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro732","article-title":"The damage-response framework of microbial pathogenesis","volume":"1","author":"Casadevall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00398-5","article-title":"The meaning of microbial exposure, infection, colonisation, and disease in clinical practice","volume":"2","author":"Pirofski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70085-3","article-title":"Immune reconstitution syndrome associated with opportunistic mycoses","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir276","article-title":"Opportunistic infection-associated immune reconstitution syndrome in transplant recipients","volume":"53","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000131375.21070.06","article-title":"Immune restoration disease after antiretroviral therapy","volume":"18","author":"French","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200210180-00009","article-title":"Polymorphisms in cytokine genes define subpopulations of HIV-1 patients who experienced immune restoration diseases","volume":"16","author":"Price","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162043351345","article-title":"Immune restoration disease: a consequence of dysregulated immune responses after HAART","volume":"2","author":"Stone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.04.020","article-title":"Immune response to fungal infections","volume":"125","author":"Blanco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/08830180213274","article-title":"Cryptococcal infection and Th1-Th2 cytokine balance","volume":"21","author":"Koguchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.3.1541","article-title":"Inhibition of human endothelial cell chemokine production by the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"165","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2846","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.7.2846-2849.1996","article-title":"Purified capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans induces interleukin-10 secretion by human monocytes","volume":"64","author":"Vecchiarelli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.8.2919-2923.1995","article-title":"Downregulation by cryptococcal polysaccharide of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1\u03b2 secretion from human monocytes","volume":"63","author":"Vecchiarelli","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2164(09)01204-0","article-title":"The capsule of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"68","author":"Zaragoza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1086\/589290","article-title":"Immunocompromised hosts: immunopharmacology of modern antifungals","volume":"47","author":"Ben-Ami","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1086\/522182","article-title":"Immune reconstitution syndrome and exacerbation of infections after pregnancy","volume":"45","author":"Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000161769.06158.8a","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome during highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"19","author":"Shelburne","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1086\/428618","article-title":"The role of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in AIDS-related Cryptococcus neoformans disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"40","author":"Shelburne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70026-8","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients starting antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Muller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1086\/605501","article-title":"Assessing the contribution of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome to mortality in developing country antiretroviral therapy programs","volume":"49","author":"Davies","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328011efac","article-title":"Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution disease: incidence, risk factors and impact in an antiretroviral treatment service in South Africa","volume":"21","author":"Lawn","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000174450.70874.30","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome complicating HIV-associated cryptococcosis in France","volume":"19","author":"Lortholary","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282f4a607","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV patients in South Africa: a prospective study","volume":"22","author":"Murdoch","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm283","article-title":"Transient allograft dysfunction from immune reconstitution in a patient with polyoma BK-virus-associated nephropathy","volume":"22","author":"Schaub","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1086\/430606","article-title":"An immune reconstitution syndrome-like illness associated with Cryptococcus neoformans infection in organ transplant recipients","volume":"40","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000180530.17683.02","article-title":"Allograft loss in renal transplant recipients with Cryptococcus neoformans associated immune reconstitution syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib30","article-title":"Cryptococcus-associated immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS) in solid organ transplant (SOT) recpients: results from a prospective, multicenter study","author":"Singh","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib31","first-page":"115","article-title":"Pulmonary cavitation and massive hemoptysis in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"131","author":"Albelda","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2009.00460.x","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with Aspergillus terreus pulmonary infection in an autologous stem cell transplant recipient","volume":"12","author":"Antinori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.1.253","article-title":"Increasing volume and changing characteristics of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis on sequential thoracic computed tomography scans in patients with neutropenia","volume":"19","author":"Caillot","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22738","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in cancer patients with pulmonary aspergillosis recovering from neutropenia: proof of principle, description, and clinical and research implications","volume":"110","author":"Miceli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2002.01012.x","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis resulting in respiratory failure during neutrophil recovery from postchemotherapy neutropenia in three patients with acute leukaemia","volume":"252","author":"Takuma","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1999.00474.x","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic patients: rapid neutrophil recovery is a risk factor for severe pulmonary complications","volume":"29","author":"Todeschini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1086\/528714","article-title":"Strong correlation between serum aspergillus galactomannan index and outcome of aspergillosis in patients with hematological cancer: clinical and research implications","volume":"46","author":"Miceli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22863","article-title":"Serum aspergillus galactomannan antigen values strongly correlate with outcome of invasive aspergillosis: a study of 56 patients with hematologic cancer","volume":"110","author":"Woods","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1086\/527390","article-title":"Adjuvant corticosteroid therapy for chronic disseminated candidiasis","volume":"46","author":"Legrand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e3181b795ec","article-title":"Adjuvant corticosteroid therapy in 2 children with hepatosplenic candidiasis-related IRIS","volume":"31","author":"Saint-Faust","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm169","article-title":"Caspofungin for the treatment of less common forms of invasive candidiasis","volume":"60","author":"Cornely","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1952.00240050111008","article-title":"Cryptococcic meningitis of nearly sixteen years' duration","volume":"89","author":"Beeson","year":"1952","journal-title":"AMA Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78","DOI":"10.1086\/424746","article-title":"Paradoxical inflammatory reaction during treatment of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis in an HIV-seronegative woman","volume":"39","author":"Einsiedel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2005.02143.x","article-title":"The intriguing biology of the tumour necrosis factor\/tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily: players, rules and the games","volume":"115","author":"Hehlgans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib45","series-title":"Humira","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib46","series-title":"Enbrel","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib47","series-title":"Remicade","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.05.019","article-title":"Colitis as a manifestation of infliximab-associated disseminated cryptococcosis","volume":"14","author":"Osawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.137422","article-title":"Drug-specific risk of non-tuberculosis opportunistic infections in patients receiving anti-TNF therapy reported to the 3-year prospective French RATIO registry","volume":"70","author":"Salmon-Ceron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)60839-2","article-title":"Fungal infections complicating tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 blockade therapy","volume":"83","author":"Tsiodras","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2009.03.019","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after cessation of the tumor necrosis factor alpha blocker adalimumab in cryptococcal pneumonia","volume":"64","author":"Cadena","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2011.01.003","article-title":"Paradoxical exacerbation of tuberculosis after TNFalpha antagonist discontinuation: beware of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Rivoisy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1086\/322710","article-title":"Adjunctive immune therapy for fungal infections","volume":"33","author":"Casadevall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(02)00070-3","article-title":"Immunomodulation of invasive fungal infections","volume":"17","author":"Roilides","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1086\/499811","article-title":"Immunotherapy for fungal infections","volume":"42","author":"Segal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1086\/420829","article-title":"Recombinant interferon-\u03b31b as adjunctive therapy for AIDS-related acute cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"189","author":"Pappas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.2217\/17520363.2.4.349","article-title":"Biomarkers of HIV immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Bonham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomark Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2010.02.010","article-title":"d-Dimer and CRP levels are elevated prior to antiretroviral treatment in patients who develop IRIS","volume":"136","author":"Porter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32833ed774","article-title":"Biomarkers in immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: signals from pathogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Sereti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-7-36","article-title":"Multi-analyte profiling of ten cytokines in South African HIV-infected patients with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)","volume":"7","author":"Worsley","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1086\/503570","article-title":"The poor prognosis of central nervous system cryptococcosis among nonimmunosuppressed patients: a call for better disease recognition and evaluation of adjuncts to antifungal therapy","volume":"42","author":"Ecevit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.08.004","article-title":"Outcomes of central nervous system cryptococcosis vary with host immune function: results from a multi-center, prospective study","volume":"61","author":"Nguyen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1080\/00365549850161223","article-title":"HIV combination therapy: immune restitution causing cryptococcal lymphadenitis dramatically improved by anti-inflammatory therapy","volume":"30","author":"Blanche","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200405210-00023","article-title":"Relapsing meningitis caused by persistent cryptococcal antigens and immune reconstitution after the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"18","author":"Boelaert","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000199014.66139.39","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-infected patients with disseminated histoplasmosis","volume":"20","author":"Breton","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1258\/095646202760326516","article-title":"Paradoxical recurrent meningitis following therapy of cryptococcal meningitis: an immune reconstitution syndrome after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"13","author":"King","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040573","article-title":"Dexamethasone for the treatment of tuberculous meningitis in adolescents and adults","volume":"351","author":"Thwaites","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gcb.2010.07.003","article-title":"Microsporidiosis: epidemiology, clinical data and therapy","volume":"34","author":"Anane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycres.2007.03.004","article-title":"A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi","volume":"111","author":"Hibbett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mycol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.3.3.419","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies for human microsporidia infections","volume":"3","author":"Didier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3644","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210380","article-title":"Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"26","author":"Alinari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2008.07557.x","article-title":"Rediscovering alemtuzumab: current and emerging therapeutic roles","volume":"144","author":"Gribben","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib73","series-title":"Campath","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2165\/00063030-200519010-00002","article-title":"Alemtuzumab in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"19","author":"Robak","year":"2005","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-008-0566-9","article-title":"Management of infections in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with alemtuzumab","volume":"88","author":"Elter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2009.21.2.211","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans fatal sepsis in a chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient treated with alemtuzumab: case report and review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Bassetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-009-0063-x","article-title":"New immunosuppressive agents and risk for invasive fungal infections","volume":"11","author":"Maschmeyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2009.08.017","article-title":"Infections after the use of alemtuzumab in solid organ transplant recipients: a comparative study","volume":"66","author":"Safdar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2005.05379.x","article-title":"Mixed pulmonary fungal infection with Aspergillus fumigatus and Absidia corymbifera in a patient with relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia","volume":"128","author":"McLintock","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1086\/342061","article-title":"Aspergillosis: The most common community-acquired pneumonia with gram-negative bacilli as copathogens in stem cell transplant recipients with graft-versus-host disease","volume":"35","author":"Alangaden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2005.00459.x","article-title":"Fatal case of Aspergillus coinfection in a renal transplant recipient suffering from cytomegalovirus pneumonitis","volume":"10","author":"Siu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrology (Carlton)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.107776","article-title":"Coexistent cutaneous Aspergillus and cytomegalovirus infection in a liver transplant recipient","volume":"44","author":"Wong","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(02)00460-1","article-title":"Polymicrobial candidemia","volume":"44","author":"Pulimood","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib84","unstructured":"Johnson MD, Gottfredson M, Perfect JR. Polyfungemia at a tertiary care medical center 1991-2001: A decade of experience. Presented at the 42nd annual ICAAC meeting; September 27-31, 2002; San Diego, CA. Abstract M-881."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.5.1346","article-title":"Pneumonia due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi and cerebral abscesses due to Emericella nidulans in a bone marrow transplant recipient","volume":"21","author":"Morris","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-006-0107-1","article-title":"Zygomycosis: the re-emerging fungal infection","volume":"25","author":"Chayakulkeeree","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1086\/423274","article-title":"Breakthrough fungal infections in stem cell transplant recipients receiving voriconazole","volume":"39","author":"Imhof","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib88","first-page":"ECR42","article-title":"Breakthrough zygomycosis during voriconazole treatment for invasive aspergillosis","volume":"89","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1086\/428780","article-title":"Zygomycosis in a tertiary-care cancer center in the era of Aspergillus-active antifungal therapy: a case-control observational study of 27 recent cases","volume":"191","author":"Kontoyiannis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200402263500923","article-title":"Breakthrough zygomycosis after voriconazole treatment in recipients of hematopoietic stem-cell transplants","volume":"350","author":"Marty","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540410019408","article-title":"Two case reports: fatal Absidia corymbifera pulmonary tract infection in the first postoperative phase of a lung transplant patient receiving voriconazole prophylaxis, and transient bronchial Absidia corymbifera colonization in a lung transplant patient","volume":"36","author":"Mattner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1086\/427759","article-title":"Breakthrough zygomycosis during empirical voriconazole therapy in febrile patients with neutropenia","volume":"40","author":"Oren","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-004-1606-7","article-title":"Failure of voriconazole to cure disseminated zygomycosis in an immunocompromised child","volume":"164","author":"Ritz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1086\/422723","article-title":"Invasive zygomycosis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients receiving voriconazole prophylaxis","volume":"39","author":"Siwek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705754","article-title":"Breakthrough fungal infections after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients on prophylactic voriconazole","volume":"40","author":"Trifilio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705614","article-title":"Breakthrough zygomycosis after voriconazole administration among patients with hematologic malignancies who receive hematopoietic stem-cell transplants or intensive chemotherapy","volume":"39","author":"Trifilio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2009.74","article-title":"Fatal cerebral zygomycosis breakthrough in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia on voriconazole prophylaxis after cord blood SCT","volume":"44","author":"Vande Broek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1086\/427752","article-title":"Zygomycosis after prolonged use of voriconazole in immunocompromised patients with hematologic disease: attention required","volume":"40","author":"Vigouroux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1086\/597615","article-title":"Increased virulence of Zygomycetes organisms following exposure to voriconazole: a study involving fly and murine models of zygomycosis","volume":"199","author":"Lamaris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.4.17074","article-title":"Voriconazole pre-exposure selects for breakthrough mucormycosis in a mixed model of Aspergillus fumigatus-Rhizopus oryzae pulmonary infection","volume":"2","author":"Lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2007.05.178","article-title":"Early use of posaconazole in the successful treatment of rhino-orbital mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus oryzae","volume":"55","author":"Kok","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2008.01499.x","article-title":"Posaconazole as first line treatment for disseminated zygomycosis","volume":"51","author":"Peel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181837585","article-title":"Posaconazole as salvage therapy in patients with invasive fungal infections after solid organ transplant","volume":"86","author":"Alexander","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00014-07","article-title":"Posaconazole treatment for Apophysomyces elegans rhino-orbital zygomycosis following trauma for a male with well-controlled diabetes","volume":"45","author":"Ferguson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.20572","article-title":"Successful treatment of pulmonary zygomycosis with posaconazole in a recipient of a haploidentical donor stem cell transplant","volume":"47","author":"Gilman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.126-133.2006","article-title":"Posaconazole as salvage therapy for zygomycosis","volume":"50","author":"Greenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.27.2.290","article-title":"Posaconazole as salvage therapy in a patient with disseminated zygomycosis: case report and review of the literature","volume":"27","author":"Page","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.02.053","article-title":"Periorbital zygomycosis (mucormycosis) treated with posaconazole","volume":"142","author":"Rutar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1086\/375075","article-title":"Mucormycosis (zygomycosis) in a heart-kidney transplant recipient: recovery after posaconazole therapy","volume":"36","author":"Tobon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1086\/500212","article-title":"Posaconazole is effective as salvage therapy in zygomycosis: a retrospective summary of 91 cases","volume":"42","author":"van Burik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.2.15015","article-title":"The challenge of managing fusariosis","volume":"2","author":"Muhammed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1086\/318483","article-title":"Aspergillosis case-fatality rate: systematic review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197705)39:5<2265::AID-CNCR2820390546>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Cryptococcosis in a cancer hospital: clinical and pathological correlates in forty-six patients","volume":"39","author":"Kaplan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.5.960","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis: outcome in patients with AIDS and patients with neoplastic disease","volume":"165","author":"White","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E145","DOI":"10.1086\/320524","article-title":"Cryptococcosis in patients with cancer","volume":"32","author":"Kontoyiannis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002934311009053?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002934311009053?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T08:57:44Z","timestamp":1757581064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002934311009053"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002934311009053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9343","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Impact of the Host on Fungal Infections","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}