{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T14:57:06Z","timestamp":1793113026961,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001448","name":"Alpha-1 Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001448","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002590","name":"American Lung Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["amjmed.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,9]],"date-time":"2013-10-09T16:04:27Z","timestamp":1381334667000},"page":"94.e7-94.e23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["Pulmonary Emphysema Subtypes on Computed Tomography: The MESA COPD Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Benjamin M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H.M.","family":"Austin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"John D.","family":"Newell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belinda M.","family":"D'Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Rozenshtein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firas","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Graham","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deaths: preliminary data for 2011","volume":"61","author":"Hoyert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00014304","article-title":"Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS\/ERS position paper","volume":"23","author":"Celli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib3","first-page":"182","article-title":"The definition of emphysema. Report of a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Lung Diseases workshop","volume":"132","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)92689-8","article-title":"Diagnosis of pulmonary emphysema by computerised tomography","volume":"2","author":"Hayhurst","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib5","first-page":"541","article-title":"The diagnosis of emphysema. A computed tomographic-pathologic correlation","volume":"133","author":"Bergin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.12.3.219","article-title":"The centrilobular form of hypertrophic emphysema and its relation to chronic bronchitis","volume":"12","author":"Leopold","year":"1957","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.14.4.286","article-title":"Terminology, definitions, and classification of chronic pulmonary emphysema and related conditions: a report of the conclusions of a CIBA guest symposium","volume":"14","author":"Fletcher","year":"1959","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(70)80077-6","article-title":"A\u00a0modern concept of the emphysemas based on correlations of structure and function","volume":"1","author":"Pratt","year":"1970","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.32.9.882","article-title":"The morphology of emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and bronchiectasis: definition, nomenclature, and classification","volume":"32","author":"Heard","year":"1979","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2462070712","article-title":"Fleischner Society: gGlossary of terms tor thoracic imaging","volume":"246","author":"Hansell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.28.5.547","article-title":"Centrilobular emphysema and panlobular emphysema: two different diseases","volume":"28","author":"Anderson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1126\/science.144.3621.1025","article-title":"Emphysema in lung macrosections correlated with smoking habits","volume":"144","author":"Anderson","year":"1964","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201108-1428CI","article-title":"A\u00a0review of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency","volume":"185","author":"Stoller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.1.245","article-title":"Management of spontaneous pneumothorax","volume":"148","author":"Light","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.159.1.3952318","article-title":"Centrilobular emphysema: CT-pathologic correlation","volume":"159","author":"Foster","year":"1986","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/136.4.935","article-title":"High resolution computed tomography of inflation-fixed lungs. Pathologic-radiologic correlation of centrilobular emphysema","volume":"136","author":"Hruban","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.4.980","article-title":"Limitations of computed tomography in the assessment of emphysema","volume":"139","author":"Miller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/141.1.169","article-title":"The diagnosis of mild emphysema. Correlation of computed tomography and pathology scores","volume":"141","author":"Kuwano","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.211.3.r99jn05851","article-title":"Pulmonary emphysema: subjective visual grading versus objective quantification with macroscopic morphometry and thin-section CT densitometry","volume":"211","author":"Bankier","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199309000-00008","article-title":"Panacinar emphysema: CT and pathologic findings","volume":"17","author":"Spouge","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-0101","article-title":"Emphysema scores predict death from COPD and lung cancer","volume":"141","author":"Zulueta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2012.02.019","article-title":"Emphysema detected on computed tomography and risk of lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000029243","article-title":"Pulmonary function and regional distribution of emphysema as determined by high-resolution computed tomography","volume":"65","author":"Haraguchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.04.1578","article-title":"Functional impairment in emphysema: contribution of airway abnormalities and distribution of parenchymal disease","volume":"185","author":"Aziz","year":"2005","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2006.00827.x","article-title":"Emphysema detected by lung cancer screening with low-dose spiral CT: prevalence, and correlation with smoking habits and pulmonary function in Japanese male subjects","volume":"11","author":"Omori","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.145995","article-title":"CT-quantified emphysema in male heavy smokers: association with lung function decline","volume":"66","author":"Mohamed Hoesein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3109\/15412555.2012.654923","article-title":"A\u00a0combined pulmonary-radiology workshop for visual evaluation of COPD: study design, chest CT findings and concordance with quantitative evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Barr","year":"2012","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-009-1320-y","article-title":"Whole-lung densitometry versus visual assessment of emphysema","volume":"19","author":"Cavigli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf113","article-title":"Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: objectives and design","volume":"156","author":"Bild","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1080\/13547500802002859","article-title":"Plasma carbonyls do not correlate with lung function or computed tomography measures of lung density in older smokers","volume":"13","author":"Mesia-Vela","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib31","series-title":"CT Imaging Protocol Standardization for Use in a Multicenter Study: Spiromics","author":"Sieren","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","article-title":"Standardisation of spirometry","volume":"26","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00035005","article-title":"Standardisation of the measurement of lung volumes","volume":"26","author":"Wanger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034905","article-title":"Standardisation of the single-breath determination of carbon monoxide uptake in the lung","volume":"26","author":"Macintyre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.166.1.at1102","article-title":"ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test","volume":"166","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-0919","article-title":"Performance of American Thoracic Society-recommended spirometry reference values in a multiethnic sample of adults: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA) lung study","volume":"137","author":"Hankinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib37","first-page":"419","article-title":"Lung volumes in healthy nonsmoking adults","volume":"18","author":"Crapo","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib38","first-page":"185","article-title":"Standardized single breath normal values for carbon monoxide diffusing capacity","volume":"123","author":"Crapo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.5.9710086","article-title":"Reference equations for the six-minute walk in healthy adults","volume":"158","author":"Enright","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200901-0127OC","article-title":"Lung volume reference values for women and men 65 to 85 years of age","volume":"180","author":"Garcia-Rio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201204-0596PP","article-title":"Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary","volume":"187","author":"Vestbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200603-086MS","article-title":"State of the art. A structural and functional assessment of the lung via multidetector-row computed tomography: phenotyping chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"3","author":"Hoffman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.2.7633722","article-title":"Comparison of computed density and macroscopic morphometry in pulmonary emphysema","volume":"152","author":"Gevenois","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5147.257","article-title":"The significance of respiratory symptoms and the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis in a working population","volume":"2","author":"Fletcher","year":"1959","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201209-1697OC","article-title":"Endothelial microparticles in mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease study","volume":"188","author":"Thomashow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001653","article-title":"Pulmonary hyperinflation and left ventricular mass: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis COPD study","volume":"127","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12120385","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: lobe-based visual assessment of volumetric CT by using standard images\u2014comparison with quantitative CT and pulmonary function test in the COPD Gene Study","volume":"266","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2008.12.024","article-title":"Reproducibility and validity of lung density measures from cardiac CT Scans\u2014the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) lung study","volume":"16","author":"Hoffman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-71-3-533","article-title":"Antitrypsin deficiency in pulmonary disease: the significance of intermediate levels","volume":"71","author":"Welch","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5751.689","article-title":"Pulmonary emphysema and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency","volume":"1","author":"Hutchison","year":"1971","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1963.03620300082014","article-title":"Pulmonary tuberculosis and centrilobular emphysema. The \u201cupright theory\u201d of apical localization","volume":"111","author":"Snider","year":"1963","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1966.10664435","article-title":"Pulmonary\u00a0emphysema. Prevalence, severity, and anatomical patterns in macrosections, with respect to smoking habits","volume":"12","author":"Anderson","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib54","first-page":"1379","article-title":"Incidence of spontaneous pneumothorax in Olmsted County, Minnesota: 1950 to 1974","volume":"120","author":"Melton","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.94.07040664","article-title":"Extent of centrilobular and panacinar emphysema in smokers' lungs: pathological and mechanical implications","volume":"7","author":"Saetta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-0183","article-title":"Impaired left ventricular filling in COPD and emphysema: is it the heart or the lungs?: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) COPD study","volume":"144","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201305-0873OC","article-title":"Distinct quantitative CT emphysema patterns are associated with physiology and function in smokers","author":"Castaldi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60260","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060260","article-title":"Smokers with CT detected emphysema and no airway obstruction have decreased plasma levels of EGF, IL-15, IL-8 and IL-1ra","volume":"8","author":"de Torres","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3109\/15412551003631717","article-title":"Identification of occult parechymal disease such as emphysema or airway disease using screening computed tomography","volume":"7","author":"Tsushima","year":"2010","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-0057","article-title":"CT scan appearance, densitometry, and health status in protease inhibitor SZ alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency","volume":"136","author":"Holme","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf113","article-title":"Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: objectives and design","volume":"156","author":"Bild","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1080\/13547500802002859","article-title":"Plasma carbonyls do not correlate with lung function or computed tomography measures of lung density in older smokers","volume":"13","author":"Mesia-Vela","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib63","series-title":"CT Imaging Protocol Standardization for Use in a Multicenter Study: Spiromics","author":"Sieren","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.12.3.219","article-title":"The centrilobular form of hypertrophic emphysema and its relation to chronic bronchitis","volume":"12","author":"Leopold","year":"1957","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.14.4.286","article-title":"Terminology, definitions, and classification of chronic pulmonary emphysema and related conditions: a report of the conclusions of a CIBA guest symposium","volume":"14","author":"Fletcher","year":"1959","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(70)80077-6","article-title":"A\u00a0modern concept of the emphysemas based on correlations of structure and function","volume":"1","author":"Pratt","year":"1970","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib67","first-page":"182","article-title":"The definition of emphysema. Report of a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Lung Diseases workshop","volume":"132","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.32.9.882","article-title":"The morphology of emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and bronchiectasis: definition, nomenclature, and classification","volume":"32","author":"Heard","year":"1979","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2462070712","article-title":"Fleischner Society: glossary of terms tor thoracic imaging","volume":"246","author":"Hansell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.13.2.8460222","article-title":"The emphysemas: radiologic-pathologic correlations","volume":"13","author":"Foster","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.163.5.7976869","article-title":"Emphysema: definition, imaging, and quantification","volume":"163","author":"Thurlbeck","year":"1994","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","article-title":"Standardisation of spirometry","volume":"26","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00035005","article-title":"Standardisation of the measurement of lung volumes","volume":"26","author":"Wanger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034905","article-title":"Standardisation of the single-breath determination of carbon monoxide uptake in the lung","volume":"26","author":"Macintyre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.166.1.at1102","article-title":"ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test","volume":"166","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-0919","article-title":"Performance of American Thoracic Society-recommended spirometry reference values in a multiethnic sample of adults: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA) lung study","volume":"137","author":"Hankinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib77","first-page":"419","article-title":"Lung volumes in healthy nonsmoking adults","volume":"18","author":"Crapo","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib78","first-page":"185","article-title":"Standardized single breath normal values for carbon monoxide diffusing capacity","volume":"123","author":"Crapo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.5.9710086","article-title":"Reference equations for the six-minute walk in healthy adults","volume":"158","author":"Enright","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00014304","article-title":"Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS\/ERS position paper","volume":"23","author":"Celli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200603-086MS","article-title":"State of the Art. A structural and functional assessment of the lung via multidetector-row computed tomography: phenotyping chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"3","author":"Hoffman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.2.7633722","article-title":"Comparison of computed density and macroscopic morphometry in pulmonary emphysema","volume":"152","author":"Gevenois","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5147.257","article-title":"The significance of respiratory symptoms and the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis in a working population","volume":"2","author":"Fletcher","year":"1959","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib84","series-title":"Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions","author":"Fleiss","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001653","article-title":"Pulmonary hyperinflation and left ventricular mass: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis COPD study","volume":"127","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002934313008449?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002934313008449?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T09:01:54Z","timestamp":1757581314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002934313008449"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002934313008449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9343","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pulmonary Emphysema Subtypes on Computed Tomography: The MESA COPD Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.020","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Inc. Published by Excerpta Medica Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}