{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:10:35Z","timestamp":1791943835656,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]],"date-time":"2017-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]],"date-time":"2017-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["amjmed.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,14]],"date-time":"2017-02-14T19:32:41Z","timestamp":1487100761000},"page":"846-855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Identification of the Causes for Chronic Hypokalemia: Importance of Urinary Sodium and Chloride Excretion"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"130","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2661-6837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun-Lin","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Jen","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Chen","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Hua","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Juei","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Sen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Chau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Hua","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199808133390707","article-title":"Hypokalemia","volume":"339","author":"Gennari","year":"1998","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.06.031","article-title":"Medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia","volume":"129","author":"Westmoreland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.03.019","article-title":"Anorexia nervosa and the kidney","volume":"60","author":"Bouquegneau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/94.3.133","article-title":"Hypokalaemia and paralysis","volume":"94","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.75.882.193","article-title":"Hypokalaemic paralysis","volume":"75","author":"Ahlawat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.14.1561","article-title":"Laboratory tests to determine the cause of hypokalemia and paralysis","volume":"164","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1905","article-title":"Phenotype and genotype analysis in Chinese patients with Gitelman's syndrome","volume":"90","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-83-1-60","article-title":"Laxative-induced hypokalemia, sodium depletion and hyperreninemia. Effects of potassium and sodium replacement on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system","volume":"83","author":"Fleming","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2010.07.010","article-title":"A\u00a0physiologic-based approach to the evaluation of a patient with hypokalemia","volume":"56","author":"Palmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(82)90521-6","article-title":"Diagnostic strategies in disorders of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis","volume":"72","author":"Narins","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(65)90172-5","article-title":"The critical role of chloride in the correction of hypokalemic alkalosis in man","volume":"38","author":"Kassirer","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03320470067039","article-title":"The use (and misuse) of urinary sodium and chloride measurements","volume":"247","author":"Sherman","year":"1982","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.059002710.x","article-title":"Gitelman's syndrome revisited: an evaluation of symptoms and health-related quality of life","volume":"59","author":"Cruz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1478","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1707","article-title":"Genotype, phenotype, and follow-up in Taiwanese patients with salt-losing tubulopathy associated with SLC12A3 mutation","volume":"97","author":"Tseng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib15","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","first-page":"338","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80076-X","article-title":"The transtubular potassium concentration in patients with hypokalemia and hyperkalemia","volume":"15","author":"Ethier","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106537","article-title":"Renal potassium wasting in renal tubular acidosis (RTA): its occurrence in types 1 and 2 RTA despite sustained correction of systemic acidosis","volume":"50","author":"Sebastian","year":"1971","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-1871-4","article-title":"Bartter- and Gitelman-like syndromes: salt-losing tubulopathies with loop or DCT defects","volume":"26","author":"Seyberth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00980209","article-title":"Renal involvement in primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome: a clinicopathologic study","volume":"4","author":"Maripuri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.09.026","article-title":"Distal renal tubular acidosis with multiorgan autoimmunity: a case report","volume":"65","author":"van den Wildenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1097\/FAD.0b013e328355a7c6","article-title":"Drug-induced hypokalaemia: part II","volume":"274","author":"Sung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adverse Drug React Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.07.025","article-title":"Acquired Gitelman syndrome in a patient with primary Sj\u00f6gren syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn600","article-title":"A\u00a0syndrome resembling Bartter's syndrome in sarcoidosis","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib24","first-page":"211","article-title":"A\u00a0new familial disorder characterized by hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia","volume":"79","author":"Gitelman","year":"1966","journal-title":"Trans Assoc Am Physicians"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.02.267","article-title":"Hypocalciuria in patients with Gitelman syndrome: role of blood volume","volume":"49","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)01086-5","article-title":"Clinical presentation of genetically defined patients with hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies","volume":"112","author":"Peters","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80594-3","article-title":"Use of calcium excretion values to distinguish two forms of primary renal tubular hypokalemic alkalosis: Bartter and Gitelman syndromes","volume":"120","author":"Bettinelli","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(90)90436-H","article-title":"Hypokalemia in the \u201cbeautiful people\u201d","volume":"88","author":"Kamel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib29","first-page":"1607","article-title":"Chronic hypokalaemia of adults: Gitelman's syndrome is frequent but classical Bartter's syndrome is rare","volume":"10","author":"Gladziwa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03325036","article-title":"Kidney stones in anorexia nervosa: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Jonat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.02.337","article-title":"Laxative abuse, eating disorders, and kidney stones: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"60","author":"Leaf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/16.12.2303","article-title":"Medullary nephrocalcinosis associated with long-term furosemide abuse in adults","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(66)90182-3","article-title":"The response of normal man to selective depletion of hydrochloric acid: Factors in the genesis of persistent gastric alkalosis","volume":"40","author":"Kassirer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/16.11.2275","article-title":"Renal potassium handling in a patient with surreptitious vomiting","volume":"16","author":"Alexandridis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.71.834.211","article-title":"Fractional excretion of potassium in normal subjects and in patients with hypokalaemia","volume":"71","author":"Elisaf","year":"1995","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02450508","article-title":"Acid-base disturbances in gastrointestinal disease","volume":"3","author":"Gennari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2013.04.006","article-title":"Acid-base and potassium homeostasis","volume":"33","author":"Lee Hamm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90184-8","article-title":"Pathophysiology of potassium absorption and secretion by the human intestine","volume":"107","author":"Agarwal","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2011.011281","article-title":"Diuretics: a review","volume":"49","author":"Wile","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib40","series-title":"Acid-Base Case Studies","author":"Kurtz","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2015.56","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of Bartter syndrome, Gitelman syndrome, and pseudo-Bartter\/Gitelman syndrome based on clinical characteristics","volume":"18","author":"Matsunoshita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1159\/000168062","article-title":"Urine electrolytes and osmolality: when and how to use them","volume":"10","author":"Kamel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1159\/000167991","article-title":"Urine electrolytes in the assessment of extracellular fluid volume contraction","volume":"9","author":"Kamel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002934317301304?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002934317301304?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T09:11:08Z","timestamp":1757581868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002934317301304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002934317301304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9343","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Identification of the Causes for Chronic Hypokalemia: Importance of Urinary Sodium and Chloride Excretion","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.023","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.02.040","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}