{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:56:07Z","timestamp":1790175367266,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,30]],"date-time":"2019-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575072000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":364,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["amjmed.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]],"date-time":"2018-08-10T22:42:42Z","timestamp":1533940962000},"page":"1491-1498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Weight Gain and Health Affliction Among Former National Football League Players"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Timothy W.","family":"Churchill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Supriya","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Weisskopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"A. Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank E.","family":"Speizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee E.","family":"Nadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Pascual-Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Zafonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron L.","family":"Baggish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.8334","article-title":"Clinicopathological evaluation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in players of American football","volume":"318","author":"Mez","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0002","series-title":"Cincinnati, OH: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health;","first-page":"1","author":"Baron","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.03.099","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing, hypertension, and obesity in retired National Football League players","volume":"56","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31802fa679","article-title":"Depression and pain in retired professional football players","volume":"39","author":"Schwenk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0005","first-page":"7","article-title":"American-style football and cardiovascular health","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2007.12.029","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in retired National Football League players","volume":"101","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-51.5.14","article-title":"Body size changes among National Collegiate Athletic Association New England Division III football players, 1956-2014: comparison with age-matched population controls","volume":"51","author":"Elliott","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31827f4c08","article-title":"Changes in height, body weight, and body composition in American football players from 1942 to 2011","volume":"27","author":"Anzell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0009","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Obesity in the National Football League","volume":"293","author":"Harp","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.09.021","article-title":"Relation between playing position and coronary artery calcium scores in retired National Football League players","volume":"114","author":"Basra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(03)00113-8","article-title":"Sleep and breathing in professional football players","volume":"4","author":"George","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.03.065","article-title":"Comparison of National Football League linemen versus nonlinemen of left ventricular mass and left atrial size","volume":"102","author":"Croft","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.04.067","article-title":"Obesity and age of first non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"52","author":"Madala","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.9.928","article-title":"The impact of obesity on cardiovascular disease risk factors and subclinical vascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"168","author":"Burke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.004","article-title":"AHA\/ACC\/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society","volume":"63","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30175-1","article-title":"Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents","volume":"388","author":"Global","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000058","article-title":"The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors","volume":"6","author":"Danaei","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198710223171717","article-title":"Simplified calculation of body-surface area","volume":"317","author":"Mosteller","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003522","article-title":"Blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy during American-style football participation","volume":"128","author":"Weiner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.07.013","article-title":"Blood pressure and LV remodeling among American-style football players","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000149713.48317.27","article-title":"Childhood adiposity as a predictor of cardiac mass in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.7833","article-title":"Association between duration of overall and abdominal obesity beginning in young adulthood and coronary artery calcification in middle age","volume":"310","author":"Reis","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1010112","article-title":"Childhood adiposity, adult adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"365","author":"Juonala","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.120","article-title":"Relationship of body mass index in young adulthood and health-related quality of life two decades later: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study","volume":"35","author":"Kozak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0904130","article-title":"Childhood obesity, other cardiovascular risk factors, and premature death","volume":"362","author":"Franks","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.02.033","article-title":"Association of insulin resistance and glycemic metabolic abnormalities with LV structure and function in middle age: the CARDIA study","volume":"10","author":"Kishi","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovascular Imaging."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28701B","article-title":"Childhood obesity and adult morbidities","volume":"91","author":"Biro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1714","article-title":"Duration of abdominal obesity beginning in young adulthood and incident diabetes through middle age: the CARDIA study","volume":"36","author":"Reis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002081","article-title":"Duration of adulthood overweight, obesity, and cancer risk in the Women's Health Initiative: a longitudinal study from the United States","volume":"13","author":"Arnold","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.4.363","article-title":"Prevalence of overweight among high school football linemen","volume":"297","author":"Laurson","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-199804000-00010","article-title":"Body fatness and increased injury rates in high school football linemen","volume":"8","author":"Gomez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0032","article-title":"Temporal changes in cardiovascular remodeling associated with football participation","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3200\/JACH.57.1.33-38","article-title":"Prevalence of overweight and obesity in collegiate American football players, by position","volume":"57","author":"Mathews","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.716","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among National Football League players","volume":"301","author":"Tucker","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006852","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.117.006852","article-title":"Ascending aortic dimensions in former National Football League athletes","volume":"10","author":"Gentry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.10.033","article-title":"Impact of American-style football participation on vascular function","volume":"115","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2017.07.030","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular correlates in college football players","volume":"120","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0038","article-title":"Associations between BMI change and cardiometabolic risk in retired football players","author":"Trexler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21573","article-title":"25-year weight gain in a racially balanced sample of U.S. adults: The CARDIA study","volume":"24","author":"Dutton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.02.023","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence of coronary heart disease in the U.S.: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2012","volume":"51","author":"Yoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36093","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36093","article-title":"Increasing trend of diabetes combined with hypertension or hypercholesterolemia: NHANES data analysis 1999-2012","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2010.03.016","article-title":"Prevalence of self-reported clinically diagnosed sleep apnea according to obesity status in men and women: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2006","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.05.002","article-title":"Estimates of pain prevalence and severity in adults: United States, 2012","volume":"16","author":"Nahin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1833","article-title":"Trends in long-term opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer pain","volume":"18","author":"Boudreau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.11.007","article-title":"The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"9","author":"Prince","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0046","first-page":"507","article-title":"Dietary practices, attitudes, and physiological status of collegiate freshman football players","volume":"15","author":"Jonnalagadda","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0047","unstructured":"Demirel E. Daily Beast. College football fattens players up and then abandons them. Available at: https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/college-football-fattens-players-up-and-then-abandons-them. Accessed September 9, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2004.04.005","article-title":"Agreement between self-report questionnaires and medical record data was substantial for diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction and stroke but not for heart failure","volume":"57","author":"Okura","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002449","article-title":"Body mass index versus body fat percentage in prospective National Football League athletes: overestimation of obesity rate in athletes at the National Football League Scouting Combine","volume":"32","author":"Provencher","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000293431830771X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000293431830771X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T09:15:08Z","timestamp":1757582108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000293431830771X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S000293431830771X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9343","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Weight Gain and Health Affliction Among Former National Football League Players","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.042","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}