{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T19:52:15Z","timestamp":1789761135843,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["amjmed.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T11:12:34Z","timestamp":1598526754000},"page":"36-47.e7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Retinal Microvascular Signs as Screening and Prognostic Factors for Cardiac Disease: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6639-9219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raviv","family":"Allon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1785-980X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Aronov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Belkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elad","family":"Maor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4193-9917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Shechter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ido Didi","family":"Fabian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The top 10 causes of death. Available at:http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs310\/en\/. Accessed September 14, 2019."},{"issue":"328","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mortality in the United States, 2017","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.114.002179","article-title":"Detection of significant coronary artery disease by noninvasive anatomical and functional imaging","volume":"8","author":"Neglia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1953.00920020122001","article-title":"Evaluation of ophthalmoscopic changes of hypertension and arteriolar sclerosis","volume":"49","author":"Scheie","year":"1953","journal-title":"AMA Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0005","first-page":"679","article-title":"Arteriolar sclerosis in hypertensive and non-hypertensive individuals","volume":"13","author":"Moritz","year":"1937","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2008.10.003","article-title":"Retinal vascular caliber: systemic, environmental, and genetic associations","volume":"54","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-6-200909150-00005","article-title":"Meta-analysis: retinal vessel caliber and risk for coronary heart disease","volume":"151","author":"McGeechan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.05.030","article-title":"The relationship between retinal microvascular abnormalities and coronary heart disease: a review","volume":"123","author":"McClintic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.22336\/rjo.2017.32","article-title":"Update on retinal vascular caliber","volume":"61","author":"Dumitrescu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rom J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-11692007000300023","article-title":"The PICO strategy for the research question construction and evidence search","volume":"15","author":"Santos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Lat Am Enfermagem"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.9.1153","article-title":"Retinal arteriolar narrowing and risk of coronary heart disease in men and women: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study","volume":"287","author":"Wong","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.02.094","article-title":"Risk prediction of coronary heart disease based on retinal vascular caliber (from the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities [ARIC] Study)","volume":"102","author":"McGeechan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.023425","article-title":"Retinal vessel calibers in predicting long-term cardiovascular outcomes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study","volume":"134","author":"Seidelmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2006.090522","article-title":"Retinal vascular calibre and the risk of coronary heart disease-related death","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.10.004","article-title":"Retinal vessel diameter and the incidence of coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes","volume":"147","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12536","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12536","article-title":"Retinal microvascular changes in microvascular angina: findings from the Australian Heart Eye Study","author":"Liew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.21.2388","article-title":"Quantitative retinal venular caliber and risk of cardiovascular disease in older persons: the cardiovascular health study","volume":"166","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm221","article-title":"Retinal vessel diameter and cardiovascular mortality: pooled data analysis from two older populations","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.10.009","article-title":"Small and large vessel disease in persons with unrecognized compared to recognized myocardial infarction: The Troms\u00f8Study 2007-2008","volume":"253","author":"\u00d8hrn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.02.023","article-title":"Retinal vessel caliber and microvascular and macrovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: XXI: the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"114","author":"Klein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2012.03.014","article-title":"Association between retinopathy and cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease (from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort [CRIC] Study)","volume":"110","author":"Grunwald","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.9.1002","article-title":"Hypertensive retinopathy and incident coronary heart disease in high risk men","volume":"86","author":"Duncan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2005.00515.x","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors and events in glaucoma patients with peripapillary focal arteriolar narrowing","volume":"84","author":"Lam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq431","article-title":"Fractal analysis of retinal microvasculature and coronary heart disease mortality","volume":"32","author":"Liew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01931-0","article-title":"The prevalence and risk factors of retinal microvascular abnormalities in older persons: The Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"110","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00084-8","article-title":"Retinal microvascular abnormalities and 10-year cardiovascular mortality: a population-based case-control study","volume":"110","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2009.12.007","article-title":"Microvascular retinal changes in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes","volume":"79","author":"Kralev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000216717.72048.6c","article-title":"Abnormalities of retinal microvascular structure and risk of mortality from ischemic heart disease and stroke","volume":"47","author":"Witt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/10739680802458980","article-title":"Are retinal microvascular caliber changes associated with severity of coronary artery disease in symptomatic cardiac patients?","volume":"16","author":"Kreis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192350","article-title":"Microvascular retinopathy and angiographically-demonstrated coronary artery disease: a cross-sectional, observational study","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm256","article-title":"Relation of retinopathy to coronary artery calcification: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"167","author":"Wong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10083409","article-title":"Relationship between retinal vascular caliber and coronary artery disease in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"10","author":"Josef","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.06.018","article-title":"Associations between retinal microvascular structure and the severity and extent of coronary artery disease","volume":"236","author":"Gopinath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.098343","article-title":"Relationship between retinal arteriolar narrowing and myocardial perfusion: multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39989-3","article-title":"Small vessel disease and intracoronary plaque composition: a single centre cross-sectional observational study","volume":"9","author":"Wightman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.05.069","article-title":"Plaque characterization by coronary computed tomography angiography and the likelihood of acute coronary events in mid-term follow-up","volume":"66","author":"Motoyama","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11019","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47194-5","article-title":"A full-width half-maximum method to assess retinal vascular structural changes in patients with ischemic heart disease and microvascular anginga","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.10.008","article-title":"A spectrum of retinal vasculature measures and coronary artery disease","volume":"268","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00288.x","article-title":"Systemic associations of retinal microvascular signs: a review of recent population\u2010based studies","volume":"25","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"3 Supplement","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0040","first-page":"S21","article-title":"Insights from the NHLBI-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study: Part II: gender differences in presentation, diagnosis, and outcome with regard to gender-based pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and macrovascular and microvascular cor","volume":"47","author":"Merz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.72","article-title":"Coronary microvascular dysfunction: sex-specific risk, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"12","author":"Dean","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(91)90796-K","article-title":"Retinal arteriolar findings and coronary heart disease","volume":"122","author":"Gillum","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4644","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0079","article-title":"Retinal vessel diameters and their associations with age and blood pressure","volume":"44","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/10739680701812220","article-title":"Retinal vascular caliber and the long\u2010term risk of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose: the Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"15","author":"Kifley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0045","first-page":"98","article-title":"The relationship of retinopathy in persons without diabetes to the 15-year incidence of diabetes and hypertension: Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"104","author":"Klein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"issue":"9288","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06253-5","article-title":"Retinal microvascular abnormalities and incident stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study","volume":"358","author":"Wong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.11.041","article-title":"The myth of the \u201cvulnerable plaque\u201d: transitioning from a focus on individual lesions to atherosclerotic disease burden for coronary artery disease risk assessment","volume":"65","author":"Arbab-Zadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.12.1285","article-title":"Using the coronary artery calcium score to predict coronary heart disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"164","author":"Pletcher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.12.043","article-title":"Meta-analysis and systematic review of the long-term predictive value of assessment of coronary atherosclerosis by contrast-enhanced coronary computed tomography angiography","volume":"57","author":"Bamberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.08.045","article-title":"Retinal vascular tortuosity, blood pressure, and cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"118","author":"Cheung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-015-1492-3","article-title":"Effects of vessel tortuosity on coronary hemodynamics: an idealized and patient-specific computational study","volume":"44","author":"Vorobtsova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"12 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0052","first-page":"1724","article-title":"Vascular network changes in the retina with age and hypertension","volume":"13","author":"Stanton","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1042\/cs1030111","article-title":"Peripheral vascular disease is associated with abnormal arteriolar diameter relationships at bifurcations in the human retina","volume":"103","author":"Chapman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-14-89","article-title":"The association between retinal vascular geometry changes and diabetic retinopathy and their role in prediction of progression\u2014an exploratory study","volume":"14","author":"Habib","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6138","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/329442a0","article-title":"EDRF coordinates the behaviour of vascular resistance vessels","volume":"329","author":"Griffith","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq007","article-title":"Fractal analysis of the retinal vasculature and chronic kidney disease","volume":"25","author":"Sng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6320","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42534-x","article-title":"Retinal microvasculature and cerebral small vessel disease in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 and Mild Stroke Study","volume":"9","author":"McGrory","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821a7d7d","article-title":"Fractal dimension of the retinal vasculature and risk of stroke: a nested case-control study","volume":"76","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.001738","article-title":"Retinal microvascular changes and risk of stroke: the Singapore Malay Eye Study","volume":"44","author":"Cheung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181d7d8b4","article-title":"Fractal analysis of retinal vessels suggests that a distinct vasculopathy causes lacunar stroke","volume":"74","author":"Doubal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22011","article-title":"Retinal fractals and acute lacunar stroke","volume":"68","author":"Cheung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.10.047","article-title":"Retinal vascular fractals and microvascular and macrovascular complications in type 1 diabetes","volume":"117","author":"Grauslund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1233","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of early diabetic retinopathy using fractal analysis","volume":"32","author":"Cheung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BIO200","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21699","article-title":"Retinal vessel geometry and the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"58","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12773","article-title":"Review of paediatric retinal microvascular changes as a predictor of cardiovascular disease","volume":"45","author":"Newman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002934320306872?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002934320306872?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T09:20:56Z","timestamp":1757582456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002934320306872"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002934320306872"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9343","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Retinal Microvascular Signs as Screening and Prognostic Factors for Cardiac Disease: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}