{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T15:05:34Z","timestamp":1779894334465,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 ES013508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 ES013508"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["amjmed.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T22:33:10Z","timestamp":1677105190000},"page":"518-522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Environmentally Mediated Health Disparities"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Marilyn V.","family":"Howarth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3906-5509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnold R.","family":"Eiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-1864","article-title":"Environmental health: a position paper from the American College of Physicians","volume":"175","author":"Crowley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-2808","article-title":"Environmental health: translating policy into action","volume":"175","author":"Senay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0003","series-title":"Addressing the Physician Shortage in Occupational and Environmental Medicine: Report of a Study","year":"1991"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogn.2016.10.012","article-title":"Lessons learned from the crisis in Flint, Michigan regarding the effects of contaminated water on maternal and child health","volume":"46","author":"Craft-Blacksheare","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0005","first-page":"124","article-title":"Environmental Injustice? Disparities in the exposure to environmental lead poisoning and risks among children in the Chicago neighborhoods","volume":"10","author":"White","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0006","article-title":"Spatial analysis and lead-risk assessment of Philadelphia, USA","volume":"6","author":"Caballero-G\u00f3mez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geo Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/840547","article-title":"Pb neurotoxicity: neuropsychological effects of lead toxicity","author":"Mason","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051552","article-title":"Disparity in risk factor severity for early childhood blood lead among predominantly African-American black children: the 1999 to 2010 US NHANES","volume":"17","author":"Yeter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0009","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Testing children for lead poisoning. Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nceh\/lead\/prevention\/testing-children-for-lead-poisoning.htm. Accessed January 10, 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.981061","article-title":"Bone lead as a biological marker in epidemiologic studies of chronic toxicity: conceptual paradigms","volume":"106","author":"Hu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002339","article-title":"Association of cumulative lead exposure with Parkinson's disease","volume":"118","author":"Weisskopf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2003.09.014","article-title":"Multiple risk factors for Parkinson's disease","volume":"217","author":"Gorell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0013","first-page":"124","article-title":"Environmental pollutants as risk factors for neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases","volume":"10","author":"Chin-Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4192","article-title":"Association of childhood lead exposure with adult personality traits and lifelong mental health","volume":"76","author":"Reuben","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-017-0140-5","article-title":"Mining and environmental health disparities in Native American communities","volume":"4","author":"Lewis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0016","first-page":"9","article-title":"The relationship between residential lead exposures and elevated blood lead levels in a rural mining community","volume":"63","author":"Lynch","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Environ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences5010015","article-title":"The legacy of uranium development on or near Indian reservations and health implications rekindling public awareness","volume":"5","author":"Moore-Nall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0018","unstructured":"US Geological Survey (USGS). Groundwater Quality in Colorado Plateau Aquifers, Western USA. Available at: https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/fs\/2021\/3012\/fs20213012.pdf. Accessed January 12, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0019","unstructured":"National Center for Farmworker Health. A Profile of Migrant Health. Available at: http:\/\/www.ncfh.org\/uploads\/3\/8\/6\/8\/38685499\/uds_report_2020_final.pdf. Accessed January 10, 2023."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2009.15.4.339","article-title":"Seasonal variation in the measurement of urinary pesticide metabolites among Latino farmworkers in eastern North Carolina","volume":"15","author":"Arcury","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0021","unstructured":"Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics. Clinic Directory. Available at: http:\/\/www.aoec.org\/index.htm. Accessed January 12, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2019.02.001","article-title":"The demographics of fracking: a spatial analysis for four US states","volume":"161","author":"Zwickl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol Econ"},{"issue":"657","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.483","article-title":"Impact of upstream oil extraction and environmental public health: a review of the evidence","volume":"20","author":"Johnston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000431272.83277.f4","article-title":"Fracking, the environment, and health","volume":"113","author":"McDermott-Levy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Nurs"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11092","article-title":"Unconventional oil and gas development exposure and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a case\u2013control study in Pennsylvania, 2009\u20132017","volume":"130","author":"Clark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2015.03.011","article-title":"Spatial distribution of unconventional gas wells and human populations in the Marcellus Shale in the United States: vulnerability analysis","volume":"60","author":"Ogneva-Himmelberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Geography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0027","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Private Drinking Water Wells. Available at: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/privatewells. Accessed November18, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0028","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Private Well Density Map. Available at:https:\/\/epa.maps.arcgis.com\/apps\/webappviewer\/index.html?id=7ffe9ca0a2044e9c8e2b8f256c99525f. Accessed November 18, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0029","unstructured":"Groundwater Protection Council (GWPC). Fracfocus. Available at: https:\/\/fracfocus.org\/. Accessed November 20, 2022."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-015-0069-5","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities and air pollution exposure: a global review","volume":"2","author":"Hajat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127777","article-title":"Sources of cellular oxidative potential of water-soluble fine ambient particulate matter in the Midwestern United States","volume":"425","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0032","unstructured":"National Interagency Coordination Center Map. Homepage. Available at: https:\/\/www.nifc.gov\/nicc\/index.htm. Accessed November 20, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21708-0","article-title":"Wildfire smoke impacts respiratory health more than fine particles from other sources: observational evidence from Southern California","volume":"12","author":"Aguilera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0034","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Interagency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Outdoor Air Pollution: A Leading Environmental Cause of Cancer Deaths. Available at: https:\/\/www.iarc.who.int\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/pr221_E.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood A, Howarth M. Federal and state regulatory systems perpetuate environmental injustice in the United States: industrial ethylene oxide emissions as a case study [e-pub ahead of print]. Environmental Justice. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/env.2021.0120. Accessed November 20, 2022.","DOI":"10.1089\/env.2021.0120"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-022-00450-5","article-title":"Controlled human exposure to diesel exhaust: results illuminate health effects of traffic-related air pollution and inform future directions","volume":"19","author":"Long","year":"2022","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119465","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution and adverse birth outcomes: an umbrella review of 36 systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"306","author":"Nyadanu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143218","article-title":"Associations of adverse pregnancy outcomes with high ambient air pollution exposure: results from the Project ELEFANT","volume":"761","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.38174","article-title":"Association between ambient air pollution and birth weight by maternal individual- and neighborhood-level stressors","volume":"5","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0040","first-page":"1049","article-title":"Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: 1. Taking an exposure history","volume":"166","author":"Marshall","year":"2002","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008_bib0041","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Homepage. Available at: https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov. Accessed January 10, 2023."}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002934323001079?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002934323001079?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T09:30:23Z","timestamp":1757583023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002934323001079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002934323001079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9343","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Environmentally Mediated Health Disparities","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}