{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T19:23:23Z","timestamp":1781033003896,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV-LT2-0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV-LT2-0010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000589","name":"Chief Scientist Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["amjmed.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T20:12:23Z","timestamp":1715631143000},"page":"1029-1037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Examining Well-Being and Cognitive Function in People With Long COVID and ME\/CFS, and Age-Matched Healthy Controls: A Case-Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"138","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4979-9653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilihan E.M.","family":"Sanal-Hayes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Mclaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence D.","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan C.J.","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas F.","family":"Sculthorpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.04.007","article-title":"Long COVID: an overview","volume":"15","author":"Raveendran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.750378","article-title":"More than 100 persistent symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 (long COVID): a scoping review","volume":"8","author":"Hayes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics9030091","article-title":"Myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive review","volume":"9","author":"Cortes Rivera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0004","article-title":"People with long COVID and ME\/CFS exhibit similarly impaired balance and physical capacity: a case-case-control study","author":"Hayes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0005","article-title":"People with long COVID and myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome exhibit similarly impaired vascular function","author":"Mclaughlin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0006","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder and complex post-traumatic stress disorder in people with long COVID, ME\/CFS, and controls","author":"Sanal-Hayes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0007","article-title":"People with long COVID and ME\/CFS exhibit similarly impaired dexterity and bimanual coordination: a case-case-control study","author":"Sanal-Hayes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04587-5","article-title":"A scoping review of \u201cPacing\u201d for management of myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS): lessons learned for the long COVID pandemic","volume":"21","author":"Sanal-Hayes","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04497-8","article-title":"The emotional well-being of Long COVID patients in relation to their symptoms, social support and stigmatization in social and health services: a qualitative study","volume":"23","author":"Samper-Pardo","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0010","article-title":"Cognitive impairment after long COVID-19: current evidence and perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s41669-018-0071-6","article-title":"Functional status and well-being in people with myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome compared with people with multiple sclerosis and healthy controls","volume":"2","author":"Kingdon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacoecon Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04764-w","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive impairment in myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS)","volume":"12","author":"Aoun Sebaiti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S365026","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and mechanisms of musculoskeletal pain in long COVID","volume":"15","author":"Khoja","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3109\/10582452.2010.483966","article-title":"Pain characteristics of people with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Marshall","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Pain"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab440","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab440","article-title":"Long COVID and post-infective fatigue syndrome: a review","volume":"8","author":"Sandler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/21641846.2014.892755","article-title":"The delayed fatigue effect in myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS)","volume":"2","author":"Arroll","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fatigue Biomed Health Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzac005","article-title":"Chronic fatigue and postexertional malaise in people living with long COVID: an observational study","volume":"102","author":"Twomey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0018","article-title":"Assessment of post-exertional malaise (PEM) in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): a patient-driven survey","volume":"9","author":"Holtzman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1272812","article-title":"Prevalence of poor sleep quality in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Gui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson ML, Bruck D. Sleep abnormalities in chronic fatigue syndrome\/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a review. J Clin Sleep Med. 08(06):719-728. doi:10.5664\/jcsm.2276","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2276"},{"issue":"166","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0071-2022","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors and treatments for post-COVID-19 breathlessness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0000000000000748","article-title":"Functional impairment in small airways associated with the breathlessness symptoms in long\u2013coronavirus disease","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Thorac Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00242","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary exercise test methodology for assessing exertion intolerance in myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Stevens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4903","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05586-4","article-title":"Long-term neurological manifestations of COVID-19: prevalence and predictive factors","volume":"42","author":"Pilotto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-03143-3","article-title":"An attempt to explain the neurological symptoms of myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Wirth","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.24171\/j.phrp.2020.11.5.05","article-title":"Health-related quality of life and its associated factors in COVID-19 patients","volume":"11","author":"Arab-Zozani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res Perspect"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0027","article-title":"The health-related quality of life for patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis \/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS)","volume":"10","author":"Hvidberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2021.110525","article-title":"Physical and mental health complications post-COVID-19: scoping review","volume":"147","author":"Shanbehzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychosomat Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20342","article-title":"Relationships among pain, anxiety, and depression in primary care","volume":"25","author":"Means-Christensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Depression Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0030","series-title":"Anxiety and depression in chronic fatigue syndrome, prevalence and effects on treatment: British Association of Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies","author":"Caswell","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2022.111760","article-title":"The protective role of work self-efficacy on wellbeing during COVID-19 pandemic: results from a longitudinal year-long study","volume":"197","author":"Fida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51350","article-title":"Persistent neurologic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in non-hospitalized COVID-19 \u201clong haulers\u201d","volume":"8","author":"Graham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0033","first-page":"e088","article-title":"Validation of digital visual analog scale pain scoring with a traditional paper-based visual analog scale in adults","volume":"2","author":"Delgado","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.11.1601","article-title":"Validation of the fatigue severity scale in a Swiss cohort","volume":"31","author":"Valko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/21641846.2019.1653471","article-title":"The DePaul Symptom Questionnaire-2: a validation study","volume":"7","author":"Bedree","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fatigue Biomed Health Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(97)00298-5","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index","volume":"45","author":"Carpenter","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Psychosomat Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2011.585412","article-title":"Assessment of dyspnea in asthma: validation of the dyspnea-12","volume":"48","author":"Yorke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2019.02.005","article-title":"Screening for functional neurological disorders by questionnaire","volume":"119","author":"Shipston-Sharman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychosomat Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000954","article-title":"Validation of EQ-5D and 15D in the assessment of health-related quality of life in chronic pain","volume":"158","author":"Vartiainen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005","article-title":"Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis","volume":"39","author":"Plummer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2014.09.009","article-title":"A diagnostic meta-analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) algorithm scoring method as a screen for depression","volume":"37","author":"Manea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0042","unstructured":"Development and evaluation of a scale to measure perceived self-efficacy in people with arthritis - Lorig - 1989 - Arthritis & Rheumatism - Wiley Online Library. Available at: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/anr.1780320107 Accessed February 15, 2024."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18160","DOI":"10.2196\/18160","article-title":"Symbol digit modalities test variant in a smartphone app for persons with multiple sclerosis: validation study","volume":"8","author":"van Oirschot","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26309","article-title":"The stroop smartphone app is a short and valid method to screen for minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"58","author":"Bajaj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0045","series-title":"A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary","author":"Strauss","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","article-title":"Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs","volume":"4","author":"Lakens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01251.x","article-title":"Show the data, don't conceal them","volume":"163","author":"Drummond","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.225235","article-title":"Different tests for a difference: how do we do research?","volume":"590","author":"Drummond","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"5050","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5050.895","article-title":"An outbreak of encephalomyelitis in the Royal Free Hospital Group, London, in 1955","volume":"2","year":"1957","journal-title":"Br Med J"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002934324002730?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002934324002730?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T12:41:16Z","timestamp":1777552876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002934324002730"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002934324002730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9343","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Examining Well-Being and Cognitive Function in People With Long COVID and ME\/CFS, and Age-Matched Healthy Controls: A Case-Case-Control Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.041","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}