{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T07:39:25Z","timestamp":1794296365270,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["amjmed.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T20:50:14Z","timestamp":1738270214000},"page":"934-940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":262,"title":["Mechanisms of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist-Induced Weight Loss: A Review of Central and Peripheral Pathways in Appetite and Energy Regulation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Areesha","family":"Moiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian B.","family":"Filion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Tsoukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oriana HY.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tricia M.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Eisenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.09.010","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)","volume":"30","author":"Muller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.001","article-title":"Mechanisms of action and therapeutic application of glucagon-like peptide-1","volume":"27","author":"Drucker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.04.008","article-title":"Pharmacology, physiology, and mechanisms of incretin hormone action","volume":"17","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13129","article-title":"Incretin hormones: their role in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Nauck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0797","article-title":"Coadministration of glucagon-like peptide-1 during glucagon infusion in humans results in increased energy expenditure and amelioration of hyperglycemia","volume":"62","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T1","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0414","article-title":"Effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 on appetite and body weight: focus on the CNS","volume":"221","author":"van Bloemendaal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.097618","article-title":"Homeostatic and hedonic signals interact in the regulation of food intake","volume":"139","author":"Lutter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1452","article-title":"How can drug addiction help us understand obesity?","volume":"8","author":"Volkow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v23n03_04","article-title":"Similarity between obesity and drug addiction as assessed by neurofunctional imaging: a concept review","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Addict Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.50","article-title":"Comparative effects of the long-acting GLP-1 receptor ligands, liraglutide and exendin-4, on food intake and body weight suppression in rats","volume":"19","author":"Hayes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1443","article-title":"GLP-1 neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract project directly to the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens to control for food intake","volume":"153","author":"Alhadeff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.03.059","article-title":"Ascending projections from the caudal visceral nucleus of the solitary tract to brain regions involved in food intake and energy expenditure","volume":"1350","author":"Rinaman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1048","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.90701.2008","article-title":"A tasty morsel: the role of the dorsal vagal complex in the regulation of food intake and swallowing. Focus on \"BDNF\/TrkB signaling interacts with GABAergic system to inhibit rhythmic swallowing in the rat,\" by Bariohay et al","volume":"295","author":"Bailey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.11.063","article-title":"Neuronal control of energy homeostasis","volume":"582","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-017-0706-4","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in the brain-adipocyte axis","volume":"77","author":"Geloneze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e216","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2016.4","article-title":"Emerging role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism","volume":"48","author":"Roh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4812","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6326-11.2012","article-title":"The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogue, exendin-4, decreases the rewarding value of food: a new role for mesolimbic GLP-1 receptors","volume":"32","author":"Dickson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.11.021","article-title":"GLP-1 is both anxiogenic and antidepressant; divergent effects of acute and chronic GLP-1 on emotionality","volume":"65","author":"Anderberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"11 suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1630","article-title":"Central control of body weight and appetite","volume":"93","author":"Woods","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/2164","article-title":"Unraveling the central nervous system pathways underlying responses to leptin","volume":"1","author":"Elmquist","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.206029","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 interacts with ghrelin and leptin to regulate glucose metabolism and food intake through vagal afferent neuron signaling","volume":"145","author":"Ronveaux","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020481","article-title":"Gut hormones in health and obesity: the upcoming role of short chain fatty acids","volume":"13","author":"Alhabeeb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101392","volume":"55","author":"Boland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2015-1030","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 regulates cholecystokinin production in beta-cells to protect from apoptosis","volume":"29","author":"Linnemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-014-9289-5","article-title":"Effects of GLP-1 on appetite and weight","volume":"15","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.029282","article-title":"Role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in achieving weight loss and improving cardiovascular outcomes in people with overweight and obesity","volume":"12","author":"Michos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13121695","article-title":"Beyond the cardiovascular effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: body slimming and plaque stabilization. are new statins born?","volume":"13","author":"Lecis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10164","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210164","article-title":"Novel antidiabetic agents and their effects on lipid profile: a single shot for several cardiovascular targets","volume":"24","author":"Piccirillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0302","article-title":"GLP-1 agonism stimulates brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and browning through hypothalamic AMPK","volume":"63","author":"Beiroa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20420188231222367","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory role of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and its clinical implications","volume":"15","author":"Alharbi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01607","article-title":"Chronic adipose tissue inflammation linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Zatterale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12519","article-title":"Adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome: too much, too little or neither","volume":"45","author":"Grundy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-18-0374","article-title":"The key role of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in body fat redistribution","volume":"240","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1187735","article-title":"Visceral adipose tissue and residual cardiovascular risk: a pathological link and new therapeutic options","volume":"10","author":"Cesaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0035","article-title":"What is the pipeline for future medications for obesity?","author":"Melson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2710","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa327","article-title":"GIP as a therapeutic target in diabetes and obesity: insight from incretin co-agonists","volume":"105","author":"Holst","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M006841","article-title":"GIP increases human adipocyte LPL expression through CREB and TORC2-mediated trans-activation of the LPL gene","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E224","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00347.2016","article-title":"Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide promotes lipid deposition in subcutaneous adipocytes in obese type 2 diabetes patients: a maladaptive response","volume":"312","author":"Thondam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.07.013","article-title":"Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor-expressing cells in the hypothalamus regulate food intake","volume":"30","author":"Adriaenssens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146353","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI146353","article-title":"GIPR agonism mediates weight-independent insulin sensitization by tirzepatide in obese mice","volume":"131","author":"Samms","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2020.02.006","article-title":"How may GIP enhance the therapeutic efficacy of GLP-1?","volume":"31","author":"Samms","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.868037","article-title":"Is glucagon receptor activation the thermogenic solution for treating obesity?","volume":"13","author":"Conceicao-Furber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13315","article-title":"Glucagon regulates lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation through inositol triphosphate receptor 1 in the liver","volume":"12","author":"Hayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.01.011","article-title":"The brown adipose tissue glucagon receptor is functional but not essential for control of energy homeostasis in mice","volume":"22","author":"Beaudry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00281991","article-title":"Glucagon physiology and pathophysiology in the light of new advances","volume":"28","author":"Unger","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.12.3267","article-title":"A novel glucagon receptor antagonist inhibits glucagon-mediated biological effects","volume":"53","author":"Qureshi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2022.101533","article-title":"Next generation GLP-1\/GIP\/glucagon triple agonists normalize body weight in obese mice","volume":"63","author":"Knerr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Metab"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002934325000592?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002934325000592?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T12:41:22Z","timestamp":1777552882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002934325000592"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002934325000592"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9343","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Mechanisms of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist-Induced Weight Loss: A Review of Central and Peripheral Pathways in Appetite and Energy Regulation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. CCBYLICENSE","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}