{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:49:24Z","timestamp":1788778164561,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["114-2221-E-038-029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2221-E-038-029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004700","name":"Taipei Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TMU113-AE1-B06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMU113-AE1-B06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010002","name":"Executive Yuan Republic of China Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP2-TMU-114-A-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2-TMU-114-A-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["amjmed.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T01:05:31Z","timestamp":1775437531000},"page":"1003-1014.e6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Protective effect of H1 antihistamine against lung cancer in patients with allergic diseases: A global federated health network analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Van Thuan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngoc Hoang","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nhu Quynh","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Jung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanh Phuc","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toan Trung","family":"Duong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Huei","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsuan-Chia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason C.","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Tien","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phung-Anh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0001","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00798-3","article-title":"The global burden of lung cancer: current status and future trends","volume":"20","author":"Leiter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-18-1330","article-title":"Allergies and asthma in relation to cancer risk","volume":"28","author":"Kantor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2020.02.001","article-title":"Asthma: diagnosis and management in adults","volume":"48","author":"Cheung Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-018-0280-7","article-title":"Allergic rhinitis","volume":"14","author":"Small","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.03.050","article-title":"Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) guidelines-2016 revision","volume":"140","author":"Bro\u017cek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1939-4551-7-12","article-title":"Allergic diseases and asthma: a global public health concern and a call to action","volume":"7","author":"Pawankar","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.11.017","article-title":"IgE, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils","volume":"125","author":"Stone","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061270","article-title":"Mast cells: a new frontier for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Lichterman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20000615)88:12<2686::AID-CNCR6>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Mast cell density is associated with angiogenesis and poor prognosis in pulmonary adenocarcinoma","volume":"88","author":"Takanami","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-13-0119","article-title":"Mast cells: potential positive and negative roles in tumor biology","volume":"1","author":"Marichal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01234","article-title":"Emerging roles of mast cells in the regulation of lymphatic immuno-physiology","volume":"11","author":"Pal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0013","first-page":"95","article-title":"Oxidative stress, chromatin remodeling and gene transcription in inflammation and chronic lung diseases","volume":"36","author":"Rahman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2011.05.029","article-title":"Mast cells and histamine enhance the proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer cells","volume":"75","author":"Stoyanov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07204","article-title":"The development of allergic inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Galli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-020-00436-y","article-title":"Towards definitive management of allergic rhinitis: best use of new and established therapies","volume":"16","author":"Hossenbaccus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2022.100726","article-title":"Systemic corticosteroids in asthma: a call to action from World Allergy Organization and Respiratory Effectiveness Group","volume":"15","author":"Bleecker","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0018","series-title":"Histamine in Inflammation","first-page":"53","article-title":"The role of histamine in asthma","author":"Dunford","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200544010-00003","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of systemically administered glucocorticoids","volume":"44","author":"Czock","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-013-0341-4","article-title":"Role of leukotriene antagonists and antihistamines in the treatment of allergic rhinitis","volume":"13","author":"\u00c7obano\u011flu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s40521-016-0075-3","article-title":"Corticosteroids for allergic rhinitis","volume":"3","author":"Petersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0022","first-page":"65","article-title":"Leukotriene inhibitors in the treatment of allergy and asthma","volume":"75","author":"Scow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3718437","article-title":"How could we influence systemic inflammation in allergic rhinitis? The role of H1 antihistamines","volume":"2018","author":"Muntean","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2809","article-title":"Eicosanoids and cancer","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201024666221207143513","article-title":"Montelukast inhibits lung cancer cell migration by suppressing cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 expression In vitro","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-12-199312150-00007","article-title":"Glucocorticoid Therapy for immune-mediated diseases: basic and clinical correlates","volume":"119","author":"Boumpas","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-20-0161","article-title":"Long-term glucocorticoid use and cancer risk: a population-based cohort study in South Korea","volume":"13","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-023-02990-y","article-title":"Recent advances in non-small cell lung cancer targeted therapy; an update review","volume":"23","author":"Araghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ooad035","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooad035","article-title":"A global federated real-world data and analytics platform for research","volume":"6","author":"Palchuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMIA Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0030","first-page":"1244","article-title":"A harmonized data quality assessment terminology and framework for the secondary use of electronic health record data","volume":"4","author":"Kahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"EGEMS (Wash DC)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00245802","article-title":"Lung cancer risk in a population-based cohort of patients hospitalized for asthma in Sweden","volume":"19","author":"Boffetta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26105","article-title":"Cancer risk in patients with allergic rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis: a nationwide cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"130","author":"Hwang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5114\/wo.2021.103829","article-title":"Epidemiology of lung cancer","volume":"25","author":"Thandra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contemp Oncol\/Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna Onkol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239030","article-title":"Diagnosis, classification and management of mast cell activation syndromes (MCAS) in the era of personalized medicine","volume":"21","author":"Valent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-023-01123-9","article-title":"Mast cell-targeting therapies in Mast cell activation syndromes","volume":"24","author":"Sabato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.06.013","article-title":"Repurposing cationic amphiphilic antihistamines for cancer treatment","volume":"9","author":"Ellegaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.12.008","article-title":"Antihistamines as promising drugs in cancer therapy","volume":"172","author":"Faustino-Rocha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-023-02914-8","article-title":"Loratidine is associated with improved prognosis and exerts antineoplastic effects via apoptotic and pyroptotic crosstalk in lung cancer","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7019759","article-title":"Levocetirizine pretreatment mitigates lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation in rats","volume":"2018","author":"Fahmi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010120","article-title":"Cysteinyl Leukotriene pathway and cancer","volume":"23","author":"Tsai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0041","first-page":"4199","article-title":"Chemoprevention by lipoxygenase and leukotriene pathway inhibitors of vinyl carbamate-induced lung tumors in mice","volume":"62","author":"Gunning","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102084","article-title":"Leukotriene inhibition and the risk of lung cancer among U.S. veterans with asthma","volume":"71","author":"Sutton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0043","article-title":"Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists decrease cancer risk in asthma patients","volume":"6","author":"Tsai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R17","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-15-0496","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptors in lung cancer: new perspectives","volume":"229","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalfeist L., Galland L., Ledys F., Ghiringhelli F., Limagne E., Ladoire S. Impact of glucocorticoid use in oncology in the immunotherapy era. Cells. 2022;11:770.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11050770"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.4710","article-title":"Glucocorticoids inhibit lung cancer cell growth through both the extracellular signal-related kinase pathway and cell cycle regulators","volume":"27","author":"Greenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1360","article-title":"Application of lag-time into exposure definitions to control for protopathic bias","volume":"16","author":"Tamim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b5087","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b5087","article-title":"Problem of immortal time bias in cohort studies: example using statins for preventing progression of diabetes","volume":"340","author":"L\u00e9vesque","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002934326002573?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002934326002573?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T20:24:38Z","timestamp":1781727878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002934326002573"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002934326002573"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9343","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Protective effect of H1 antihistamine against lung cancer in patients with allergic diseases: A global federated health network analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2026.03.032","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}