{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T02:33:23Z","timestamp":1793846003342,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["amjmedsci.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of the Medical Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T04:26:57Z","timestamp":1608006417000},"page":"534-541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Neuromyelitis Optica Presenting as Infectious Meningoencephalitis: Case Report and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"361","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0243-3366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad Ali H.","family":"Tfaily","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boghuma","family":"Titanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Schniederjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil S.","family":"Lava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie M.","family":"Pouch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew H.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max W.","family":"Adelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803396","article-title":"Clinical metagenomic sequencing for diagnosis of meningitis and encephalitis","volume":"380","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.5.1107","article-title":"The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome)","volume":"53","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp053247","article-title":"Optic neuritis","volume":"354","author":"Balcer","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410040110","article-title":"The prognosis of acute and subacute transverse myelopathy based on early signs and symptoms","volume":"4","author":"Ropper","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.11.010","article-title":"The clinical characteristics of AQP4 antibody positive NMO\/SD in a large cohort of Chinese Han patients","volume":"302","author":"ZhangBao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002655","article-title":"Evaluation of the 2015 diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"86","author":"Hyun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a6cb5c","article-title":"Updated estimate of AQP4-IgG serostatus and disability outcome in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"81","author":"Jiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e468","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000468","article-title":"Mortality in neuromyelitis optica is strongly associated with African ancestry","volume":"5","author":"Mealy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.04.019","article-title":"Callosal lesions on magnetic resonance imaging with multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis","volume":"32","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017160085","article-title":"Cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum that show restricted diffusion: mechanisms, causes, and manifestations","volume":"37","author":"Starkey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53488-0.00035-3","article-title":"Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis","volume":"123","author":"Javed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.38.6.585","article-title":"Haemorrhagic and perivenous encephalitis: a clinical-pathological review of 38 cases","volume":"38","author":"Hart","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12099","article-title":"The pathology of an autoimmune astrocytopathy: lessons learned from neuromyelitis optica","volume":"24","author":"Lucchinetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2016.12.4.515","article-title":"Persistent hyperthermia in a patient with Aquaporin-4-Antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"12","author":"Hsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol (Seoul, Korea)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.05.013","article-title":"Suspected bacterial meningomyelitis: the first presenting clinical feature of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"309","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-019-01114-6","article-title":"Limbic encephalitis-like presentation in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a case report","volume":"119","author":"Seok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.01.050","article-title":"Suspected bacterial meningoencephalomyelitis as the trigger or presentation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder flare","volume":"30","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-008-0002-x","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica with CSF examination mimicking bacterial meningomyelitis","volume":"30","author":"Lepur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514524294","article-title":"Meningoencephalitis-like onset of post-infectious AQP4-IgG-positive optic neuritis complicated by GM1-IgG-positive acute polyneuropathy","volume":"21","author":"Benedetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512459785","article-title":"Meningoencephalitis as an initial manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e215","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003278","article-title":"Clinical reasoning: bacterial meningitis causing a neuromyelitis optica flare","volume":"87","author":"Saab","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.5692\/clinicalneurol.cn-001316","article-title":"A case of suspected neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder preceded by aseptic meningitis-like symptoms","volume":"59","author":"Odachi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.5692\/clinicalneurol.cn-000753","article-title":"A case of neuromyelitis optica presenting marked pleocytosis and hypoglycorrhachia","volume":"56","author":"Fujikura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0025","first-page":"2819","article-title":"Aseptic Meningitis as an Initial Manifestation of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102013","article-title":"Aseptic meningitis as an atypical manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder flare","volume":"41","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-016-0787-9","article-title":"Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibody encephalitis presents in atypical types and coexists with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder or neurosyphilis","volume":"17","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.105813","article-title":"Fever, nausea and vomiting, and CSF pleocytosis must be meningoencephalitis, right? No, think again!","author":"Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7537-y","article-title":"Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in patients with aquaporin-4 antibody","volume":"262","author":"Pu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517726593","article-title":"Endocrinopathies in paediatric-onset neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with aquaporin 4 (AQP4) antibody","volume":"24","author":"Hacohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0031","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid analysis","volume":"68","author":"Seehusen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am Fam Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.5699","article-title":"Comparison of relapse and treatment failure rates among patients with neuromyelitis optica: multicenter study of treatment efficacy","volume":"71","author":"Mealy","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.09.013","article-title":"The clinical spectrum and immunobiology of parainfectious neuromyelitis optica (Devic) syndromes","volume":"34","author":"Sellner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-22","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica pathogenesis and aquaporin 4","volume":"5","author":"Graber","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroinflam"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.24.3.4367","article-title":"Expression and localization of epithelial aquaporins in the adult human lung","volume":"24","author":"Kreda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2007.11.009","article-title":"Cell damage and autoimmunity: A critical appraisal","volume":"30","author":"Mackay","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5171-x","article-title":"Prevalence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and phenotype distribution","volume":"256","author":"Bizzoco","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0271-0","article-title":"Clinical characteristics, course andprognosis of relapsing Devic's NeuromyelitisOptica","volume":"251","author":"Ghezzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0064-8","article-title":"Innate immune responses to trauma","volume":"19","author":"Huber-Lang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.10.014","article-title":"Immune activation promotes depression 1 month after diffuse brain injury: a role for primed microglia","volume":"76","author":"Fenn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.30","article-title":"Hit & Run\u2019 Model of Closed-Skull Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Reveals Complex Patterns of Post-Traumatic AQP4 Dysregulation","volume":"33","author":"Ren","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-018-0900-5","article-title":"Environmental risk factors in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a case\u2013control study","volume":"118","author":"Eskandarieh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.4.499","article-title":"Transverse Myelitis Consortium Working Group. Proposed diagnostic criteria and nosology of acute transverse myelitis","volume":"59","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1001112","article-title":"Transverse myelitis","volume":"363","author":"Frohman","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5058-x","article-title":"Long-term outcome of acute and subacute myelopathies","volume":"256","author":"Debette","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31823dc535","article-title":"Evidence-based guideline: clinical evaluation and treatment of transverse myelitis: report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the american academy of neurology","volume":"77","author":"Scott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-11_Part_1-199812010-00004","article-title":"Community-acquired bacterial meningitis: risk stratification for adverse clinical outcome and effect of antibiotic timing","volume":"129","author":"Aronin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2016.06.013","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system infections in the emergency department","volume":"34","author":"Dorsett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.03.038","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid findings in aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica: Results from 211 lumbar punctures","volume":"306","author":"Jarius","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1019132","article-title":"An approach to the diagnosis of acute transverse myelitis","volume":"28","author":"Jacob","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CON.0000461087.56371.e8","article-title":"Myelopathy associated with microorganisms","volume":"21","author":"Lyons","year":"2015","journal-title":"CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learn Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2012.09.008","article-title":"Transverse Myelitis","volume":"31","author":"Beh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011_bib0053","first-page":"174720","article-title":"Epidemiology of neuromyelitis optica in the world: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2015","author":"Etemadifar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult Scler Int"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of the Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002962920305486?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002962920305486?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T18:38:56Z","timestamp":1757702336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002962920305486"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002962920305486"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9629"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9629","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Neuromyelitis Optica Presenting as Infectious Meningoencephalitis: Case Report and Literature Review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of the Medical Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.12.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Southern Society for Clinical Investigation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}