{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T17:59:52Z","timestamp":1758045592098,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81271298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81271298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["amjmedsci.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of the Medical Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T08:34:07Z","timestamp":1643618047000},"page":"364-370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reversible Toxic Encephalopathy Involving the Cerebellum and Subcortical White Matter Attributed to Capecitabine"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"363","author":[{"given":"Yongchang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangqi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3941\/jrcr.v10i3.2686","article-title":"Capecitabine-induced leukoencephalopathy involving the bilateral corticospinal tracts","volume":"10","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Radiol Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2017.05.001","article-title":"Capecitabine-induced acute toxic leukoencephalopathy","volume":"62","author":"Obadia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1586\/14737140.2014.911089","article-title":"Central nervous system toxicities of chemotherapeutic agents","volume":"14","author":"Peddi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-198916040-00002","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology of 5-fluorouracil","volume":"16","author":"Diasio","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1074","article-title":"5-fluorouracil: mechanisms of action and clinical strategies","volume":"3","author":"Longley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-005-0159-4","article-title":"5-Fluorouracil can cross brain-blood barrier and cause encephalopathy: should we expect the same from capecitabine? A case report on capecitabine-induced central neurotoxicity progressing to coma","volume":"58","author":"Formica","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s002800050891","article-title":"Intrathecal 5-fluoro-2\u2032-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) for the treatment of solid tumor neoplastic meningitis: an in vivo study","volume":"43","author":"Nakagawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0008","first-page":"1735","article-title":"Kinetics of entry and distribution of 5-fluorouracil in cerebrospinal fluid and brain following intravenous injection in a primate","volume":"33","author":"Bourke","year":"1973","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.14.10.961","article-title":"Acute cerebellar syndrome secondary to 5-fluorouracil therapy","volume":"14","author":"Riehl","year":"1964","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711760212","article-title":"Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor\/thymidine phosphorylase expression in normal tissues: an immunohistochemical study","volume":"176","author":"Fox","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2014.02.010","article-title":"Subacute reversible toxic encephalopathy related to treatment with capecitabine: a case report with literature review and discussion of pathophysiology","volume":"42","author":"Lyros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000187313.83515.7e","article-title":"Capecitabine-induced multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a report of five cases","volume":"65","author":"Videnovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v12.i11.897","article-title":"Paraneoplastic syndromes in cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-016-0989-1","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma associated with limbic encephalitis and early cerebral abnormalities detected by 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-D-glucose integrated with computed tomography-positron emission tomography: a case report","volume":"10","author":"Schmidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2016.10.034","article-title":"Anti-Yo positive paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration in the setting of cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"36","author":"Bruhnding","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4529","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.10.4529","article-title":"Onconeural antigens and the paraneoplastic neurologic disorders: at the intersection of cancer, immunity, and the brain","volume":"93","author":"Darnell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S166605","article-title":"Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome induced by apatinib: a case report and literature review","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther"},{"issue":"46","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17787","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017787","article-title":"Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome following apatinib for gastric cancer in an adult: a case report and a review of the literature","volume":"98","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155219846253","article-title":"Apatinib-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Oncol Pharm Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109322","article-title":"The dynamics of ammonia metabolism in man. Effects of liver disease and hyperammonemia","volume":"63","author":"Lockwood","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00111-8","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: clinical and radiological manifestations, pathophysiology, and outstanding questions","volume":"14","author":"Fugate","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.165.3.7645483","article-title":"Cyclosporine neurotoxicity and its relationship to hypertensive encephalopathy: CT and MR findings in 16 cases. AJR","volume":"165","author":"Schwartz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.189647","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: long-term follow-up","volume":"81","author":"Roth","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30321","article-title":"Emergency use of uridine triacetate for the prevention and treatment of life-threatening 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine toxicity","volume":"123","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4545","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-0638","article-title":"FDA Approval: uridine triacetate for the treatment of patients following fluorouracil or capecitabine overdose or exhibiting early-onset severe toxicities following administration of these drugs","volume":"22","author":"Ison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0026","first-page":"2203","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil and its metabolites in plasma, urine, and bile","volume":"47","author":"Heggie","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0027","first-page":"477","article-title":"Severe neurotoxicity following 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy in a patient with dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency","volume":"2","author":"Takimoto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-06-0327","article-title":"Clinical relevance of different dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene single nucleotide polymorphisms on 5-fluorouracil tolerance","volume":"5","author":"Morel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-010-0041-2","article-title":"Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase polymorphisms and fluoropyrimidine toxicity: ready for routine clinical application within personalized medicine?","volume":"1","author":"Del Re","year":"2010","journal-title":"EPMA J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-2482","article-title":"Comparative functional analysis of DPYD variants of potential clinical relevance to dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity","volume":"74","author":"Offer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2016.08.002","article-title":"Improving safety of fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy by individualizing treatment based on dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity - Ready for clinical practice?","volume":"50","author":"Meulendijks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx411","article-title":"DPYD genotype-guided dose individualization to improve patient safety of fluoropyrimidine therapy: call for a drug label update","volume":"28","author":"Henricks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20612","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7991","article-title":"Pre-treatment evaluation of 5-fluorouracil degradation rate: association of poor and ultra-rapid metabolism with severe toxicity in a colorectal cancer patients cohort","volume":"7","author":"Mazzuca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1673.2006.01602.x","article-title":"Reversible findings of restricted diffusion in 5-fluorouracil neurotoxicity","volume":"50","author":"Lucato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Australas Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050929","article-title":"Leukoencephalopathy induced by chemotherapy with tegafur, a 5-fluorouracil derivative","volume":"96","author":"Ohara","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.07.040","article-title":"Lethal leukoencephalopathy secondary to Tegafur, a 5-fluorouracil prodrug","volume":"357","author":"Sierra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300100955","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of Carmofur-induced leukoencephalopathy","volume":"11","author":"Fujikawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20772","article-title":"Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome after repeat intermediate-dose cytarabine chemotherapy in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"82","author":"Saito","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0039","first-page":"121","article-title":"Capecitabine-related neurotoxicity presenting as trismus","volume":"3","author":"Couch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Colorectal Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1159\/000078335","article-title":"Toxic encephalopathy induced by capecitabine","volume":"66","author":"Niemann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0041","first-page":"70","article-title":"Capecitabine-induced cerebellar toxicity","volume":"6","author":"Renouf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Colorectal Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860701721785","article-title":"Capecitabine-induced oromandibular dystonia: a case report and literature review","volume":"47","author":"Ngeow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.123737","article-title":"Delayed leukoencephalopathy with stroke-like presentation in chemotherapy recipients","volume":"79","author":"Baehring","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155209102511","article-title":"Encephalopathy secondary to capecitabine chemotherapy: a case report and discussion","volume":"15","author":"Tipples","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Oncol Pharm Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155209349201","article-title":"Capecitabine-induced cerebellar toxicity in a patient with metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"16","author":"Gounaris","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Oncol Pharm Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155210374891","article-title":"Toxic encephalopathy in elderly patients during treatment with capecitabine: literature review and a case report","volume":"17","author":"Fantini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Oncol Pharm Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.54.417","article-title":"Capecitabine induces both cardiomyopathy and multifocal cerebral leukoencephalopathy","volume":"54","author":"Endo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Heart J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0048","first-page":"1251","article-title":"[Early diagnosis of capecitabine-induced acute leukoencephalopathy by using diffusion-weighted MRI]","volume":"41","author":"Shimoyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gan To Kagaku Ryoho"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0049","article-title":"Capecitabine induced multifocal leukoencephalopathy: do we have always to switch off the chemotherapy?","author":"Bougea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028_bib0050","article-title":"Acute reversible toxic encephalopathy during capecitabine and oxaliplatin treatment","author":"Godinho","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Oncol Pharm Pract"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of the Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000296292200057X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000296292200057X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T18:40:55Z","timestamp":1757702455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000296292200057X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S000296292200057X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9629"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9629"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Reversible Toxic Encephalopathy Involving the Cerebellum and Subcortical White Matter Attributed to Capecitabine","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of the Medical Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.10.028","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Southern Society for Clinical Investigation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}