{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T23:23:26Z","timestamp":1784330606897,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]],"date-time":"2013-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]],"date-time":"2013-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["americanjournalofsurgery.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,30]],"date-time":"2013-11-30T17:18:29Z","timestamp":1385831909000},"page":"1001-1006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Pneumomediastinum: etiology and a guide to diagnosis and treatment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"206","author":[{"given":"Farzaneh","family":"Banki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony L.","family":"Estrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan G.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Charles C.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel S.","family":"Leake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle G.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamal","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazim J.","family":"Safi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry R.","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(03)00124-7","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: a rare benign entity","volume":"126","author":"Gerazounis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(03)00027-4","article-title":"Assessment of spontaneous pneumomediastinum: experience with 12 patients","volume":"75","author":"Jougon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib3","first-page":"368","article-title":"Mediastinal emphysema complicating diabetic ketoacidosis: plea for conservative diagnostic approach","volume":"65","author":"Pauw","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610600821739","article-title":"Spontaneous cervical surgical emphysema and pneumomediastinum: a rare complication of childbirth","volume":"26","author":"North","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1157\/13078656","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: descriptive study of our experience with 36 cases","volume":"41","author":"Campillo-Soto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib6","first-page":"390","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum and marijuana","volume":"88","author":"Koral","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1159\/000072905","article-title":"Pneumomediastinum and bilateral pneumothorax as a complication of cocaine smoking","volume":"70","author":"Maeder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib8","series-title":"A\u00a0treatise on diseases of the chest and on mediate auscultation","author":"Laennec","year":"1830"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480907500505","article-title":"Pneumomediastinum in the injured patient: inconsequential or predictive?","volume":"75","author":"MacLeod","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.166.5.8615238","article-title":"Pneumomediastinum: old signs and new signs","volume":"166","author":"Bejvan","year":"1996","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480907501111","article-title":"The incidence and clinical significance of pneumomediastinum found on computed tomography scan in blunt trauma patients","volume":"75","author":"Molena","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2009.06.161","article-title":"Occult pneumomediastinum in blunt chest trauma: clinical significance","volume":"41","author":"Rezende-Neto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib13","first-page":"1340","article-title":"The evaluation of pneumomediastinum in blunt trauma patients","volume":"65","author":"Dissanaike","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib14","first-page":"1173","article-title":"Esophageal perforations: new perspectives and treatment paradigms","volume":"63","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib15","first-page":"289","article-title":"Penetrating esophageal injuries: multicenter study of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma","volume":"50","author":"Asensio","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib16","first-page":"1425","article-title":"Esophageal perforation following external blunt trauma","volume":"28","author":"Beal","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib17","first-page":"321","article-title":"Distal esophageal rupture after external blunt trauma: report of two cases","volume":"42","author":"Cordero","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib18","first-page":"214","article-title":"Rupture of the distal thoracic esophagus following blunt trauma: case report","volume":"30","author":"Micon","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(10)65449-5","article-title":"Injuries of the trachea and bronchi","volume":"11","author":"Ecker","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(00)02453-X","article-title":"Blunt tracheobronchial injuries: treatment and outcomes","volume":"71","author":"Kiser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(89)90119-7","article-title":"Spontaneous rupture of the esophagus: a 30-year experience","volume":"47","author":"Pate","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib22","first-page":"434","article-title":"Pneumomediastinum on a surgical service","volume":"54","author":"Sands","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1177\/1753465809350888","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: an algorithm for diagnosis and management","volume":"3","author":"Takada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0b013e3182103876","article-title":"Multidetector computed tomography of spontaneous versus secondary pneumomediastinum in 89 patients: can multidetector computed tomography be used to reliably distinguish between the 2 entities?","volume":"27","author":"Ho","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.5.3298","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: a benign curiosity or a significant problem?","volume":"128","author":"Newcomb","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1939.00190050019003","article-title":"Transport of air along sheaths of pulmonic vessels from alveoli to mediastinum","volume":"64","author":"Macklin","year":"1939","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spontaneous mediastinal emphysema","volume":"64","author":"Hamman","year":"1939","journal-title":"Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2007.03.008","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: 41 cases","volume":"31","author":"Macia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-006-0002-7","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: experience in 18 adult patients","volume":"185","author":"Mondello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8090-3-59","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: diagnostic and therapeutic interventions","volume":"3","author":"Al-Mufarrej","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2008.04.067","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: a comparative study and review of the literature","volume":"86","author":"Caceres","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2005.02.025","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum long-term follow-up","volume":"99","author":"Freixinet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2009.08.002","article-title":"Pneumomediastinum: is this really a benign entity? When it can be considered as spontaneous? Our experience in 47 adult patients","volume":"37","author":"Perna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2004.05.050","article-title":"Spontaneous mediastinal emphysema","volume":"26","author":"Weissberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2008.03.023","article-title":"Management of spontaneous pneumomediastinum based on clinical experience of 25 cases","volume":"102","author":"Takada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2004.01.042","article-title":"Current assessment and management of spontaneous pneumomediastinum: experience in 24 adult patients","volume":"25","author":"Koullias","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib37","first-page":"411","article-title":"Pneumomediastinum following drug abuse","volume":"139","author":"Fridlender","year":"2000","journal-title":"Harefuah"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.107.1.233","article-title":"The pulmonary complications of crack cocaine. A comprehensive review","volume":"107","author":"Haim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002961013004819?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002961013004819?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T18:02:04Z","timestamp":1757700124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002961013004819"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002961013004819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9610"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9610","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pneumomediastinum: etiology and a guide to diagnosis and treatment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}