{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:32:46Z","timestamp":1786984366461,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["americanjournalofsurgery.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T11:09:25Z","timestamp":1745924965000},"page":"116340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Surgery clerkships & general surgery careers: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"245","author":[{"given":"Sanidhya","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maedeh","family":"Marzoughi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danika E.","family":"Meldrum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caleb","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fotovat-Ahmadi","family":"Navid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kareem","family":"Sharabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Evey","family":"Aslanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena S.","family":"Bidwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark P.","family":"MacEachern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0233-5851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2969-6198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasithorn A.","family":"Suwanabol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2021.07.033","article-title":"A contemporary reassessment of the US surgical workforce through 2050 predicts continued shortages and increased productivity demands","volume":"223","author":"Oslock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12577","article-title":"The aging general surgeon of rural America","volume":"37","author":"Shelton","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Rural Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2019.12.003","article-title":"Survey of the US surgeon workforce: practice characteristics, job satisfaction, and reasons for leaving surgery","volume":"230","author":"Mahoney","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2024.07.031","article-title":"Holding the knife on perceptions of surgery","volume":"81","author":"Sanner Dixon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib5","article-title":"Surgery residency remains competitive, desirable","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2008.03.002","article-title":"Are surgical progeny more likely to pursue a surgical career?","volume":"147","author":"Pinchot","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7944(02)00679-7","article-title":"Factors influencing career choice among medical students interested in surgery","volume":"60","author":"Azizzadeh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2008.08.003","article-title":"Attracting surgical clerks to surgical careers: role models, mentoring, and engagement in the operating room","volume":"207","author":"Berman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2004.09.019","article-title":"A brief private group practice rotation changes junior medical students' perception of the surgical lifestyle","volume":"189","author":"Carter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib10","article-title":"Promoting the health of refugee women: a scoping literature review incorporating the social ecological model","volume":"20","author":"Hawkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-22-916","article-title":"To feel or not to feel: a scoping review and mixed-methods meta-synthesis of moral distress among surgeons","volume":"12","author":"Millis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Palliat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063147","article-title":"Factors that influence participation in physical activity in school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic review from the social ecological model perspective","volume":"18","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.902791","article-title":"A socio-ecological approach to inclusive physical education in China: a systematic review","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib14","series-title":"Finding what Works in Health Care: Standards for Systematic Reviews","article-title":"Committee on standards for systematic reviews of comparative effectiveness research","year":"2011"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of observational studies in Epidemiology: a proposal for reporting","volume":"283","author":"Stroup","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2017.11.031","article-title":"Characterizing the role of U.S. surgeons in the provision of palliative care: a systematic review and mixed-methods meta-synthesis","volume":"55","author":"Suwanabol","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manag"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2013.12.006","article-title":"The quality of surgical care in safety net hospitals: a systematic review","volume":"155","author":"Mouch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21385","article-title":"The primary care provider (PCP)-cancer specialist relationship: a systematic review and mixed-methods meta-synthesis","volume":"67","author":"Dossett","year":"2017","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib19","series-title":"Integrative Approaches to Qualitative and Quantitative Evidence","author":"Dixon-Woods","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib20","first-page":"29","article-title":"Defining and designing mixed research synthesis studies","volume":"13","author":"Sandelowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res Sch Natl Refereed J Spons -South Educ Res Assoc Univ Ala"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2019.09.040","article-title":"The impact of medical student interest in surgery on clerkship performance and career choice","volume":"219","author":"Kassam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.11.035","article-title":"The impact of ergonomics on recruitment to surgical fields: a multi-institutional survey study","volume":"236","author":"Sergesketter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2024.05.016","article-title":"Seeing is believing - a qualitative study exploring what motivates medical students to pursue a career in general surgery","volume":"81","author":"Rasic","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.08.020","article-title":"From the operating room to online: medical student surgery education in the time of COVID-19","volume":"270","author":"Grady","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/10401334.2021.1891545","article-title":"How do clinical electives during the clerkship year influence career exploration? A qualitative study","volume":"34","author":"Sheu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Teach Learn Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2021.01.010","article-title":"Where do we go from here? Assessing medical students' surgery clerkship preparedness during COVID-19","volume":"78","author":"Nnamani Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2012.06.416","article-title":"Surgical interest and surgical match for third-year students: results of a prospective multivariate longitudinal cohort study","volume":"215","author":"Goldin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2006.07.011","article-title":"Surgical residents as medical student mentors","volume":"193","author":"Nguyen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(97)00103-2","article-title":"Motivation underlying career choice for internal medicine and surgery","volume":"45","author":"Williams","year":"1997","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/0271-7123(79)90102-0","article-title":"The relationship of interest in surgery to learning styles, grades and residency choice","volume":"13","author":"Linn","year":"1979","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med Part A Med Psychol Med Sociol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2020.06.009","article-title":"Enhancing medical student education and combating mistreatment during a surgery clerkship with a novel educational tool: a pilot study","volume":"78","author":"Portelli Tremont","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2020.02.002","article-title":"Surgical education and the longitudinal model at the Columbia-Bassett program","volume":"77","author":"Charak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2006.10.002","article-title":"Perspectives of third-year medical students toward their surgical clerkship and a surgical career","volume":"142","author":"Goldin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.2001.6135","article-title":"Do medical school surgical rotations influence subspecialty choice?","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2009.11.045","article-title":"The influence of the third year medical school clerkship on the decision to apply to a surgical residency","volume":"158","author":"Adams","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2005.03.016","article-title":"The training needs and priorities of male and female surgeons and their trainees","volume":"201","author":"Saalwachter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2012.10.008","article-title":"Medical student subinternships in surgery: characterization and needs assessment","volume":"205","author":"Lindeman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2018.10.036","article-title":"The influence of medical school on career choice: a longitudinal study of students' attitudes toward a career in general surgery","volume":"216","author":"Are","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1177\/1538574410362111","article-title":"A third-year surgery clerkship with extensive exposure to vascular surgery improves knowledge about vascular disease and the role of vascular surgeons in its management","volume":"44","author":"Malikova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.141.4.405","article-title":"Women in surgery: do we really understand the deterrents?","volume":"141","author":"Gargiulo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2004.09.009","article-title":"Has implementation of the 80-hour work week made a career in surgery more appealing to medical students?","volume":"189","author":"Arnold","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000006029","article-title":"Association of socioeconomic status, sex, racial, and ethnic identity with sustained and cultivated careers in surgery","volume":"279","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198511000-00011","article-title":"Student attitudes about medical care and choice of a career in surgery","volume":"202","author":"Linn","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1982.01380340012004","article-title":"Values and attitudes related to career preference and performance in the surgical clerkship","volume":"117","author":"Linn","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2015.10.004","article-title":"Effectiveness of the surgery core clerkship flipped classroom: a prospective cohort trial","volume":"211","author":"Liebert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2014.10.031","article-title":"Does the amount of time medical students spend in the operating room during the general surgery core clerkship affect their career decision?","volume":"210","author":"Hagopian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2015.01.035","article-title":"More than a camera holder: teaching surgical skills to medical students","volume":"195","author":"Abbas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2023.11.020","article-title":"Medical student perceptions of academic surgery: rose-colored glasses or jaded prism?","volume":"81","author":"Yudien","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2022.07.009","article-title":"The big sibling program: impact of a medical student-resident mentorship program during the surgery clerkship","volume":"225","author":"Coe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2019.11.040","article-title":"Outcomes and influences of rural-focused integrated clerkship programs in general surgery","volume":"219","author":"Skube","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2014.01.047","article-title":"Impact of a third-year surgical apprenticeship model: perceptions and attitudes compared with the traditional medical student clerkship experience","volume":"218","author":"Reid","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.137.8.941","article-title":"Choosing general surgery: insights into career choices of current medical students","volume":"137","author":"Gelfand","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.03.012","article-title":"The surgical clerkship: a contemporary paradigm","volume":"177","author":"Bradley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2015.10.007","article-title":"Medical student clerkship performance and career selection after a junior medical student surgical mentorship program","volume":"211","author":"Day","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2023.10.005","article-title":"A mentorship-based surgery clerkship: a prospective study investigating student satisfaction","volume":"295","author":"Joel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.05.064","article-title":"Surgeons underestimate their influence on medical students entering surgery","volume":"177","author":"Quillin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2021.09.028","article-title":"\u201cRhythm of the Night\u201d: medical student reflections on overnight trauma call","volume":"222","author":"Larson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2004.03.009","article-title":"Why do students choose careers in surgery?","volume":"119","author":"O'Herrin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2004.05.021","article-title":"Predictors for medical students entering a general surgery residency: national survey results","volume":"136","author":"Ko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib60","series-title":"Deconstructing Surgical Education\u2013Teacher Quality Really Matters: Implications for Attracting Medical Students to Surgical Careers","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2007.08.021","article-title":"Student quality-of-life declines during third year surgical clerkship","volume":"143","author":"Goldin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib62","first-page":"58","article-title":"Women medical students' ratings of the required surgery clerkship: implications for career choice","volume":"47","author":"Calkins","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Med Women\u2019s Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(01)00863-7","article-title":"Perceptions of women medical students and their influence on career choice","volume":"183","author":"Neumayer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197902000-00005","article-title":"The undergraduate surgical clerkship. A cutting edge which separates the clinical from the nonclinical medical specialists","volume":"189","author":"Linn","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2003.216","article-title":"Does a general surgery clerkship influence student perceptions of surgeons and surgical careers?","volume":"134","author":"Cochran","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-020-01126-5","article-title":"Efficacy of virtual case-based general surgery clerkship curriculum during COVID-19 distancing","volume":"31","author":"Shin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2019.01.002","article-title":"Effect of community and academic surgical rotation sites on medical student performance outcomes and career choices","volume":"76","author":"Garstka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2005.06.047","article-title":"Overnight activities of medical students on call: is it really educational?","volume":"191","author":"McMullin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002978","article-title":"Leadership in American surgery women are rising to the top","volume":"269","author":"Pories","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-023-09866-8","article-title":"The role of inclusion in increasing diversity and retention across surgical residencies: a literature review","volume":"16","author":"Ononuju","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.80.3.300","article-title":"The growing proportion of female physicians: implications for US physician supply","volume":"80","author":"Kletke","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.12818","article-title":"\u2018You become a man in a man's world\u2019: is there discursive space for women in surgery?","volume":"49","author":"Hill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/XCS.0000000000000059","article-title":"Qualitative study of mentorship for women and minorities in surgery","volume":"234","author":"Mahendran","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-14-26","article-title":"Mentorship and pursuit of academic medicine careers: a mixed methods study of residents from diverse backgrounds","volume":"14","author":"Yehia","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820901492","article-title":"Influence of gender and racial diversity on the otolaryngology residency match","volume":"162","author":"Fairmont","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"1_suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63S","DOI":"10.1177\/23733799211049238","article-title":"Investigating the influence of mentor\u2013mentee race and gender pairs on public health persistence","volume":"7","author":"Trawick","year":"2021","journal-title":"pedagogy health promot"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.07.030","article-title":"Medical student values inform career plans in service & surgery\u2014a qualitative focus group analysis","volume":"256","author":"Carroll","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.7430","article-title":"Examination of intersectionality and the pipeline for Black academic surgeons","volume":"157","author":"Keshinro","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2020.11.014","article-title":"Implementation of an e-learning academic elective for hands-on basic surgical skills to supplement medical school surgical education","volume":"78","author":"McGann","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2015.10.002","article-title":"Can a one-day practical lesson in surgical skills encourage medical students to consider a surgical career?","volume":"54","author":"Bauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2016.8.31387","article-title":"Pilot point-of-care ultrasound curriculum at harvard medical school: early experience","volume":"17","author":"Rempell","year":"2016","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2011.540270","article-title":"Integration of e-learning resources into a medical school curriculum","volume":"33","author":"Khogali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-1237(12)60040-9","article-title":"Simulation and its role in medical education","volume":"68","author":"Datta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1001\/journalofethics.2018.20.5.mhst1-1805","article-title":"The evolving surgeon image","volume":"20","author":"Logghe","year":"2018","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2020.06.012","article-title":"Career satisfaction, gender bias, and work-life balance: a contemporary assessment of general surgeons","volume":"78","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-011-0983-0","article-title":"Defining surgical role models and their influence on career choice","volume":"35","author":"Ravindra","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2014-003764","article-title":"Teamwork, communication and safety climate: a systematic review of interventions to improve surgical culture","volume":"24","author":"Sacks","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Qual Saf"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000296102500162X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000296102500162X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T15:52:45Z","timestamp":1748274765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000296102500162X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["S000296102500162X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9610"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9610","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Surgery clerkships & general surgery careers: A systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116340","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116340"}}