{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:55:04Z","timestamp":1790686504288,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anaerobe"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,5]],"date-time":"2014-06-05T14:31:54Z","timestamp":1401978714000},"page":"85-89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Clostridium difficile infection among immunocompromised patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and detection of moxifloxacin resistance in a ribotype 014 strain"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Danielle Angst","family":"Secco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilana Teruszkin","family":"Balassiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata Ferreira","family":"Boente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla Rodrigues","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Brazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaquim dos","family":"Santos-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro Araujo","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone Aranha","family":"Nou\u00e9r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina Maria Cavalcanti Pilotto","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2008.02.003","article-title":"Diarrea asociada a Clostridium difficile","volume":"32","author":"Bujanda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-010-9483-8","article-title":"Detection of cross-infection associated to a Brazilian PCR-ribotype of Clostridium difficile in a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brasil","volume":"99","author":"Balassiano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib3","first-page":"131","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection in HIV-seropositive individuals and transplant recipients","volume":"64","author":"Collini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1086\/525047","article-title":"Decreased diversity of the fecal microbiome in recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea","volume":"197","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.04.001","article-title":"Interaction between the intestinal microbiota and host in Clostridium difficile colonization resistance","volume":"20","author":"Britton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib6","first-page":"921","article-title":"Clostridium difficile\u2013associated diarrhea","volume":"71","author":"Schroeder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2164","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Rupnik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051639","article-title":"A\u00a0predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbity and mortality","volume":"353","author":"Loo","year":"2005","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0906.020385","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone use and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea","volume":"9","author":"McCusker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl.\u00a01","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1086\/521859","article-title":"Antimicrobial-associated risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"46","author":"Owens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1086\/496986","article-title":"Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec","volume":"41","author":"P\u00e9pin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2009.12.002","article-title":"Molecular characterization of moxifloxacin resistance from Canadian Clostridium difficile clinical isolates","volume":"66","author":"Walkty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.2.247-263.2005","article-title":"Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease","volume":"18","author":"Voth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7290","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00731-07","article-title":"Binary toxin production in Clostridium difficile is regulated by CdtR, a LytTR family response regulator","volume":"189","author":"Carter","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45804-0","article-title":"Clinical features of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea due to binary toxin producing strains","volume":"54","author":"Barbut","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051590","article-title":"An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile","volume":"353","author":"McDonald","year":"2005","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67420-X","article-title":"Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe","volume":"366","author":"Warny","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02563-05","article-title":"Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 isolates from Eastern and Western Canada","volume":"44","author":"MacCannel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3180","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00146-08","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infections in a Canadian tertiary care hospital before and during a regional epidemic associated with the BI\/NAP1\/027 strain","volume":"52","author":"Labb\u00e9","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"Suppl.\u00a06","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib20","first-page":"2","article-title":"Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe","volume":"12","author":"Kuijper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47743-0","article-title":"Comparative analysis of BI\/NAP1\/027 hypervirulent strains reveals novel toxin B-enconding gene (tcdB) sequences","volume":"57","author":"Stabler","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01964-07","article-title":"Increased sporulation rate of epidemic Clostridium difficile Type 027\/NAP1","volume":"46","author":"Akerlund","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1086\/502539","article-title":"A\u00a0large outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use","volume":"26","author":"Muto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2004.04.011","article-title":"The newer fluoroquinolones","volume":"18","author":"O'Donnell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3418","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.11.3418-3421.2002","article-title":"gyrA and gyrB mutations are implicated in cross-resistance to ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin in Clostridium difficile","volume":"46","author":"Dridi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47738-0","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone resistance in Clostridium difficile isolates from a prospectivestudy of C.\u00a0difficile infections in Europe","volume":"57","author":"Spigaglia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.09.012","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Clostridium difficile","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.03.015","article-title":"Association between PCR ribotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility among Clostridium difficile isolates from healthcare-associated infections in South Korea","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0707500","article-title":"Clostridium difficile \u2013 more difficult that ever","volume":"359","author":"Kelly","year":"2008","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjopharm.2011.12.004","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection in older adults: a review and update on its management","volume":"10","author":"Kee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05308-0","article-title":"Incidence and importance of Clostridium difficile in paediatric diarrhoea in Brazil","volume":"52","author":"Pinto","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-006-9134-2","article-title":"New PCR ribotypes of Clostridium difficile detected in children in Brazil: prevalent types of Clostridium difficile in Brazil","volume":"92","author":"Alcides","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2008.12.007","article-title":"Characterization of Clostridium difficile strains isolated from immunosuppressed inpatients in a hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"15","author":"Balassiano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.07.017","article-title":"An outbreak case of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea among elderly inpatientes of an intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"68","author":"Balassiano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib35","series-title":"Anaerobic bacteriology manual","author":"Jousimies-Somer","year":"2002"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2609-2617.2004","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing analysis of human and animal Clostridium difficile isolates of various toxigenic types","volume":"42","author":"Lemee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01824.x","article-title":"European study group on Clostridium difficile (ESGCD). Prospective study of Clostridium difficile infections in Europe with phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the isolates","volume":"13","author":"Barbut","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45682-0","article-title":"Comparative analysis of Clostridium difficile clinical isolates belonging to different genetic lineages and time periods","volume":"53","author":"Spigaglia","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.2.461-463.1999","article-title":"PCR targeted to the 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer region of Clostridium difficile and construction of a library consisting of 116 different PCR ribotypes","volume":"37","author":"Stubbs","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47176-0","article-title":"Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Clostridium difficile strains isolated from hospitals in south-east Scotland","volume":"56","author":"Mutlu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.1554","article-title":"Clostridium difficile associated infection, diarrhea and colitis","volume":"15","author":"Hookman","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00082-09","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections","volume":"23","author":"Freeman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1703920","article-title":"Surveillance of nosocomial infections in adult recipients of allogeneic and autologous bone marrow and peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation","volume":"31","author":"Dettenkofer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-009-0772-0","article-title":"Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea, a frequente complication in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia","volume":"89","author":"Schalk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejon.2010.11.002","article-title":"Infection probability score: a predictor of Clostridium difficile-associated disease onset in patients with haematological malignancy","volume":"15","author":"Apostolopoulou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Oncol Nurs"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651988000600006","article-title":"Ocurrence of Clostridium difficile in the feces of children of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil","volume":"30","author":"Garcia","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762003000400003","article-title":"Prevalence of Clostridium spp. and Clostridium difficile in children with acute diarrhea in S\u00e3o Paulo city, Brazil","volume":"98","author":"Ferreira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702006000600005","article-title":"Nosocomial diarrhea in the intensive care unit","volume":"10","author":"Marcon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-42","article-title":"Hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated disease in the intensive care unit setting: epidemiology, clinical course and outcome","volume":"7","author":"Marra","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652010000300004","article-title":"Pseudo-outbreak of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) in a tertiary-care hospital","volume":"52","author":"Souza-Dias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2010.09.002","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility and heteroresistance in Chinese Clostridium difficile strains","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61266-4","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: a hospital-based survey","volume":"377","author":"Bauer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.5.1890-1892.2006","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Clostridium difficile and its relation to PCR ribotypes in a Swedish University Hospital","volume":"50","author":"Aspevall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2006.04.003","article-title":"Toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile","volume":"11","author":"Drudy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00479-06","article-title":"CDAD-CSI study group. In\u00a0vitro susceptibility of Clostridium difficile clinical isolates from a multiinstitutional outbreak in Southern Qu\u00e9bec, Canada","volume":"50","author":"Bourgault","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2009.09.009","article-title":"Diversity of moxifloxacin resistance during a nosocomial outbreak of a predominantly ribotype ARU 027 Clostridium difficile diarrhea","volume":"15","author":"Carman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2009.10.002","article-title":"Detection of gyrA and gyrB mutations in Clostridium difficile isolates by real-time PCR","volume":"24","author":"Spigaglia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"}],"container-title":["Anaerobe"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1075996414000638?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1075996414000638?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:59:22Z","timestamp":1790683162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1075996414000638"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["S1075996414000638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["1075-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1075-9964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clostridium difficile infection among immunocompromised patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and detection of moxifloxacin resistance in a ribotype 014 strain","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Anaerobe","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}