{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:32:54Z","timestamp":1786984374576,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["annallergy.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,27]],"date-time":"2018-07-27T12:53:36Z","timestamp":1532696016000},"page":"451-457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Small airway function in children with mild to moderate asthmatic symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7339-1880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Knihtil\u00e4","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9375-376X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Kotaniemi-Syrj\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna S.","family":"Pelkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika J.","family":"M\u00e4kel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Pekka","family":"Malmberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(97)70193-3","article-title":"Inflammation of small airways in asthma","volume":"100","author":"Hamid","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S191","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.5.rsaa-5","article-title":"Inflammatory and structural changes in the small airways in bronchial asthma","volume":"157","author":"Roche","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12062","article-title":"Treatment of the bronchial tree from beginning to end: targeting small airway inflammation in asthma","volume":"68","author":"van den Berge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.11.017","article-title":"The role of the small airways in the clinical expression of asthma in adults","volume":"129","author":"Farah","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.11.002","article-title":"Relating small airways to asthma control by using impulse oscillometry in children","volume":"129","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.09.022","article-title":"Peripheral airway impairment measured by oscillometry predicts loss of asthma control in children","volume":"131","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200506-962OC","article-title":"Measurement of bronchial and alveolar nitric oxide production in normal children and children with asthma","volume":"174","author":"Paraskakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.03.009","article-title":"Alveolar nitric oxide and asthma control in mild untreated asthma","volume":"131","author":"Scichilone","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.02221.x","article-title":"Multicentre trial evaluating alveolar NO fraction as a marker of asthma control and severity","volume":"65","author":"Mahut","year":"2010","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2012.06.022","article-title":"Are we overlooking persistent small airways dysfunction in community-managed asthma?","volume":"109","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60446-3","article-title":"Risk factors and early origins of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"385","author":"Postma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2005.05.026","article-title":"Clinical applications of forced oscillation to assess peripheral airway function","volume":"148","author":"Goldman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00035205","article-title":"Interpretative strategies for lung function tests","volume":"26","author":"Pellegrino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00069712","article-title":"Consensus statement for inert gas washout measurement using multiple- and single- breath tests","volume":"41","author":"Robinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.2010171","article-title":"Extended exhaled NO measurement differentiates between alveolar and bronchial inflammation","volume":"163","author":"Lehtim\u00e4ki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.1.9001322","article-title":"Marked flow-dependence of exhaled nitric oxide using a new technique to exclude nasal nitric oxide","volume":"155","author":"Silkoff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.12.662","article-title":"Development and cross-sectional validation of the Childhood Asthma Control Test","volume":"119","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-097X.2002.00396.x","article-title":"Determinants of respiratory system input impedance and bronchodilator response in healthy Finnish preschool children","volume":"22","author":"Malmberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200605-642ST","article-title":"An official American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society statement: pulmonary function testing in preschool children","volume":"175","author":"Beydon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","article-title":"Standardisation of spirometry","volume":"26","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00293102","article-title":"European Respiratory Society\/American Thoracic Society (ERS\/ATS) Task Force. Measurement of exhaled nitric oxide in children, 2001","volume":"20","author":"Baraldi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.2.653","article-title":"A two-compartment model of pulmonary nitric oxide exchange dynamics","volume":"85","author":"Tsoukias","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20805","article-title":"Exercise-induced changes in respiratory impedance in young wheezy children and nonatopic controls","volume":"43","author":"Malmberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201303-0437ST","article-title":"An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: exercise-induced bronchoconstriction","volume":"187","author":"Parsons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23627","article-title":"Sensitivity of newly defined impulse oscillometry indices in preschool children","volume":"52","author":"Knihtil\u00e4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12257","article-title":"Clinical significance of small airway obstruction markers in patients with asthma","volume":"44","author":"Gonem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.04.043","article-title":"\u201cTo wheeze or not to wheeze\u201d: that is not the question","volume":"130","author":"Skytt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.06.006","article-title":"Etiologies of chronic cough in pediatric cohorts: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report","volume":"152","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200709-1419OC","article-title":"Dimensions of respiratory symptoms in preschool children: population-based birth cohort study","volume":"177","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2012.690481","article-title":"The utility of forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity in predicting childhood asthma morbidity and severity","volume":"49","author":"Rao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.05.016","article-title":"Forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity and FEV1\/forced vital capacity ratio in relation to clinical and physiological parameters in asthmatic children with normal FEV1 values","volume":"126","author":"Simon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.095018","article-title":"Ventilation heterogeneity in children with well controlled asthma with normal spirometry indicates residual airways disease","volume":"64","author":"Macleod","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2014.07.003","article-title":"Clinical application of inert gas Multiple Breath Washout in children and adolescents with asthma","volume":"108","author":"Zwitserloot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2011.04.004","article-title":"Small airway function, exhaled NO and airway hyper-responsiveness in paediatric asthma","volume":"105","author":"Keen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2011.05.001","article-title":"Lung clearance index: clinical and research applications in children","volume":"12","author":"Fuchs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.069682","article-title":"Ventilation heterogeneity is a major determinant of airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma, independent of airway inflammation","volume":"62","author":"Downie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.04.018","article-title":"Symptom-pattern phenotype and pulmonary function in preschool wheezers","volume":"126","author":"Sonnappa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12430","article-title":"Alveolar and exhaled NO in relation to asthma characteristics - effects of correction for axial diffusion","volume":"69","author":"Heijkenskjold-Rentzhog","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.9120-11ST","article-title":"An official ATS clinical practice guideline: interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications","volume":"184","author":"Dweik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13035","article-title":"Overall and peripheral lung function assessment by spirometry and forced oscillation technique in relation to asthma diagnosis and control","volume":"47","author":"Heijkenskj\u00f6ld-Rentzhog","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2009.01.005","article-title":"Effect of inhaled corticosteroids on small airways in asthma: investigation using impulse oscillometry","volume":"22","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13036","article-title":"Small airway involvement in the late allergic response in asthma","volume":"47","author":"Stenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23794","article-title":"Small airway oscillometry indices: repeatability and bronchodilator responsiveness in young children","volume":"52","author":"Knihtil\u00e4","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00001814","article-title":"Between-visit variability of small airway obstruction markers in patients with asthma","volume":"44","author":"Gonem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"}],"container-title":["Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1081120618306124?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1081120618306124?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T13:20:57Z","timestamp":1761052857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1081120618306124"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1081120618306124"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026","relation":{},"ISSN":["1081-1206"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1081-1206","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Small airway function in children with mild to moderate asthmatic symptoms","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.026","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}