{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T15:15:43Z","timestamp":1784128543460,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["annallergy.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T11:57:18Z","timestamp":1748433438000},"page":"487-497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Infectious complications of atopic dermatitis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Vivian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petrus Johannes Jansen","family":"van Rensburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juri","family":"Boguniewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6664-463X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peck Y.","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2024.12.005","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children between 2000 and 2021: a systematic analysis","volume":"134","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.08.028","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis in America study: a cross-sectional study examining the prevalence and disease burden of atopic dermatitis in the US adult population","volume":"139","author":"Chiesa Fuxench","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-016-8548-5","article-title":"Bacterial and viral infections in atopic dermatitis: a comprehensive review","volume":"51","author":"Ong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000582","article-title":"Insights from caregivers on the impact of pediatric atopic dermatitis on families: \u201cI\u2019m Tired, Overwhelmed, and Feel like I\u2019m Failing as a Mother","volume":"31","author":"Capozza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.12.001","article-title":"Antibiotic choice and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus rate in children hospitalized for atopic dermatitis","volume":"122","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.08.002","article-title":"The infectious complications of atopic dermatitis","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12512258","article-title":"The relationship of transepidermal water loss to skin temperature in psoriasis and eczema","volume":"64","author":"Grice","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.008","article-title":"Does moisturizing the skin equate with barrier repair therapy?","volume":"121","author":"Elias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200405040-00002","article-title":"Stratum corneum pH in atopic dermatitis","volume":"5","author":"Rippke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15470","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic eczema and its association with filaggrin gene mutations","volume":"177","author":"Clausen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15871","article-title":"Temporal relationships between Staphylococcus aureus colonization, filaggrin expression, and pediatric atopic dermatitis","volume":"79","author":"Dahal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2024.02.004","article-title":"Constant vigilance! Managing threats to the skin barrier","volume":"132","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3388","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15432","article-title":"Dupilumab significantly improves skin barrier function in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis","volume":"77","author":"Berdyshev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15640","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus causes aberrant epidermal lipid composition and skin barrier dysfunction","volume":"78","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.09.017","article-title":"CERS1 is a biomarker of Staphylococcus aureus abundance and atopic dermatitis severity","volume":"155","author":"Kenney","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.02.027","article-title":"Signaling sphingolipids are biomarkers for atopic dermatitis prone to disseminated viral infections","volume":"150","author":"Berdyshev","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021481","article-title":"Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and skin infections in atopic dermatitis","volume":"347","author":"Ong","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14992","article-title":"Free human DNA attenuates the activity of antimicrobial peptides in atopic dermatitis","volume":"76","author":"Kopfnagel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16125","article-title":"Inhibition of RNase 7 by RNase inhibitor promotes inflammation and Staphylococcus aureus growth: implications for atopic dermatitis","volume":"79","author":"Rademacher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.185","article-title":"Extracellular double-stranded RNA induces TSLP via an endosomal acidification- and NF-\u03baB-dependent pathway in human keratinocytes","volume":"131","author":"Vu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0021","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus exacerbates dermal IL-33\/ILC2 axis activation through evoking RIPK3\/MLKL-mediated necroptosis of dry skin","volume":"9","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113148","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps enhance S aureus skin colonization by oxidative stress induction and downregulation of epidermal barrier genes","volume":"42","author":"Focken","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.03.032","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus-specific skin resident memory T cells protect against bacteria colonization but exacerbate atopic dermatitis-like flares in mice","volume":"154","author":"Braun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01375-z","article-title":"Staphylococcal phosphatidylglycerol antigens activate human T cells via CD1a","volume":"24","author":"Monnot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.03.050","article-title":"Human IL-31 is induced by IL-4 and promotes TH2-driven inflammation","volume":"132","author":"Stott","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301836","article-title":"Human TH2 but not Th9 cells release IL-31 in a STAT6\/NF-\u03baB-dependent way","volume":"193","author":"Maier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.10.033","article-title":"IL-31: a new link between T cells and pruritus in atopic skin inflammation","volume":"117","author":"Sonkoly","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.02255.x","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-31 induces pro-inflammatory cytokines in human monocytes and macrophages following stimulation with staphylococcal exotoxins","volume":"65","author":"Kasraie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.12.003","article-title":"The role of the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis","volume":"122","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"397","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaal4651","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal4651","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strain diversity underlying pediatric atopic dermatitis","volume":"9","author":"Byrd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2024.01.001","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus: the Bug behind the Itch in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"144","author":"Gallo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.10.039","article-title":"Secreted virulence factor comparison between methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, and its relevance to atopic dermatitis","volume":"125","author":"Schlievert","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01684-23","article-title":"S aureus virulence factors decrease epithelial barrier function and increase susceptibility to viral infection","volume":"11","author":"Moran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.06.019","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus \u03b1-toxin modulates skin host response to viral infection","volume":"130","author":"Bin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-023-00996-y","article-title":"History of S aureus skin infection significantly associates with history of eczema herpeticum in patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"13","author":"Moran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.09.023","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus second immunoglobulin-binding protein drives atopic dermatitis via IL-33","volume":"147","author":"Al Kindi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2010.02483.x","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles derived from Staphylococcus aureus induce atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation","volume":"66","author":"Hong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"378","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaah4680","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aah4680","article-title":"Antimicrobials from human skin commensal bacteria protect against Staphylococcus aureus and are deficient in atopic dermatitis","volume":"9","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2021.1311","article-title":"Use of autologous bacteriotherapy to treat Staphylococcus aureus in patients with atopic dermatitis: a randomized double-blind clinical trial","volume":"157","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112494","article-title":"Competition between skin antimicrobial peptides and commensal bacteria in type 2 inflammation enables survival of S aureus","volume":"42","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74513-2","article-title":"Mild atopic dermatitis is characterized by increase in non-staphylococcus pathobionts and loss of specific species","volume":"14","author":"Delanghe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18347","article-title":"Dysbiosis of skin microbiota with increased fungal diversity is associated with severity of disease in atopic dermatitis","volume":"36","author":"Schmid","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0043","article-title":"Decreased skin colonization with Malassezia spp. and increased skin colonization with Candida spp. in patients with severe atopic dermatitis","volume":"11","author":"Storz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3746","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00573-10","article-title":"Ability of Candida albicans mutants to induce Staphylococcus aureus vancomycin resistance during polymicrobial biofilm formation","volume":"54","author":"Harriott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8321","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.8321","article-title":"Infective endocarditis associated with atopic dermatitis","volume":"11","author":"Tamura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13956","article-title":"Punched-out erosions with scalloped borders: group A Streptococcal pustulosis","volume":"36","author":"Shayegan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20887","article-title":"Risk of herpesvirus, serious and opportunistic infections in atopic dermatitis: a population-based cohort study","volume":"186","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"642","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp15X688093","article-title":"Molluscum contagiosum and associations with atopic eczema in children: a retrospective longitudinal study in primary care","volume":"66","author":"Olsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.12.1945","article-title":"The extended clinical phenotype of 64 patients with dedicator of cytokinesis 8 deficiency","volume":"136","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1086\/587668","article-title":"Severe eczema vaccinatum in a household contact of a smallpox vaccinee","volume":"46","author":"Vora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.15395","article-title":"Bacterial infections are common among eczema herpeticum inpatients in a cross-sectional analysis of the 2016 Kids\u2019 Inpatient Database","volume":"40","author":"Desai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00328.x","article-title":"A pox-like disease in cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"46","author":"von Magnus","year":"1959","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0053","first-page":"642","article-title":"Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox\u2013Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003","volume":"52","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032299","article-title":"The detection of monkeypox in humans in the Western Hemisphere","volume":"350","author":"Reed","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0055","first-page":"537","article-title":"Multistate outbreak of monkeypox\u2013Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin","volume":"52","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0056","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries. Accessed date June 11, 2025. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2022-DON385"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2022.08.034","article-title":"Eczema monkeypoxicum: report of monkeypox transmission in a patient with atopic dermatitis","volume":"29","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1533","article-title":"Effects of pimecrolimus compared with triamcinolone acetonide cream on skin barrier structure in atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, right-left arm trial","volume":"93","author":"Jensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(92)70151-5","article-title":"Topical corticosteroids and Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis","volume":"27","author":"Nilsson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07410.x","article-title":"Skin colonization by Staphylococcus aureus in patients with eczema and atopic dermatitis and relevant combined topical therapy: a double-blind multicentre randomized controlled trial","volume":"155","author":"Gong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.131029.111","article-title":"Temporal shifts in the skin microbiome associated with disease flares and treatment in children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"22","author":"Kong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.04.066","article-title":"Cutaneous microbiome effects of fluticasone propionate cream and adjunctive bleach baths in childhood atopic dermatitis","volume":"75","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16090","article-title":"Recurrent eczema herpeticum - a retrospective European multicenter study evaluating the clinical characteristics of eczema herpeticum cases in atopic dermatitis patients","volume":"34","author":"Seegr\u00e4ber","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.05.026","article-title":"Rapid reduction in Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis individuals following dupilumab treatment","volume":"152","author":"Simpson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.11.047","article-title":"Tralokinumab treatment improves the skin microbiota by increasing the microbial diversity in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: analysis of microbial diversity in ECZTRA 1, a randomized controlled trial","volume":"88","author":"Beck","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljae138","article-title":"Blockade of interleukin-13 signaling improves skin barrier function and biology in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis","volume":"191","author":"Sander","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.09.052","article-title":"Risk of infection in patients with atopic dermatitis treated with dupilumab: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"78","author":"Fleming","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-019-00445-7","article-title":"Infections in dupilumab clinical trials in atopic dermatitis: a comprehensive pooled analysis","volume":"20","author":"Eichenfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14909","article-title":"Infections in children and adolescents treated with dupilumab in pediatric clinical trials for atopic dermatitis-a pooled analysis of trial data","volume":"39","author":"Paller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.09.084","article-title":"Dupilumab and the risk of conjunctivitis and serious infection in patients with atopic dermatitis: a propensity score\u2013matched cohort study","volume":"84","author":"Schneeweiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"10451","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01203-0","volume":"404","author":"Silverberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljad268","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of nemolizumab in paediatric patients aged 6-12 years with atopic dermatitis with moderate-to-severe pruritus: results from a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study","volume":"190","author":"Igarashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"10246","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30732-7","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of abrocitinib in adults and adolescents with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (JADE MONO-1): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"396","author":"Simpson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2019380","article-title":"JADE COMPARE investigators. Abrocitinib versus Placebo or Dupilumab for Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"384","author":"Bieber","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2021.2830","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of abrocitinib in combination with topical therapy in adolescents with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: the JADE TEEN randomized clinical trial","volume":"157","author":"Eichenfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"10290","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00588-2","article-title":"Once-daily upadacitinib versus placebo in adolescents and adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (Measure Up 1 and Measure Up 2): results from two replicate double-blind, randomised controlled phase 3 trials","volume":"397","author":"Guttman-Yassky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10290","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00589-4","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of upadacitinib in combination with topical corticosteroids in adolescents and adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD Up): results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"397","author":"Reich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-021-00618-3","article-title":"Integrated safety analysis of abrocitinib for the treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis from the phase II and phase III clinical trial program","volume":"22","author":"Simpson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Gang LF, Atash K, Zuithoff NPA, Haeck I, Boesjes CM, Baco\u015f-Cosma OI, et al. Infection risk in atopic dermatitis patients treated with biologics and JAK inhibitors: BioDay results [e-pub ahead of print]. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.20674, accessed date June 11, 2025.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20674"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13867","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus antibiotic susceptibility patterns in pediatric atopic dermatitis","volume":"36","author":"Briscoe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2038","article-title":"Oral and topical antibiotics for clinically infected eczema in children: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial in ambulatory care","volume":"15","author":"Francis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0082","article-title":"Interventions to reduce Staphylococcus aureus in the management of eczema","volume":"2019","author":"George","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1348","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000002618","article-title":"Skin and soft tissue infection treatment and prevention practices by pediatric emergency medicine providers","volume":"38","author":"Mistry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2024.3360","article-title":"Global antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"160","author":"Elizalde-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.09.066","article-title":"Berdazimer gel for molluscum contagiosum: an integrated analysis of 3 randomized controlled trials","volume":"90","author":"Sugarman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"490","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat8329","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aat8329","article-title":"Quorum sensing between bacterial species on the skin protects against epidermal injury in atopic dermatitis","volume":"11","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"7613","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18634","article-title":"Human commensals producing a novel antibiotic impair pathogen colonization","volume":"535","author":"Zipperer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.08.012","article-title":"Epidermin and gallidermin: staphylococcal lantibiotics","volume":"304","author":"G\u00f6tz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102002","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of topically applied therapeutic ammonia oxidising bacteria in adults with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis and moderate-to-severe pruritus: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, phase 2b trial","volume":"60","author":"Silverberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalmedicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix062","article-title":"Eradication of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm infections using synthetic antimicrobial peptides","volume":"215","author":"Zapotoczna","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.08.132","article-title":"Topical antimicrobial peptide omiganan recovers cutaneous dysbiosis but does not improve clinical symptoms in patients with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in a phase 2 randomized controlled trial","volume":"86","author":"Niemeyer-van der Kolk","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0092","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptide synergies for fighting infectious diseases","volume":"10","author":"Mhlongo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1125635","article-title":"Microbial derived antimicrobial peptides as potential therapeutics in atopic dermatitis","volume":"14","author":"Joshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.05.020","article-title":"Endolysin treatment against Staphylococcus aureus in adults with atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"144","author":"de Wit","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000473872","article-title":"Successful treatment of chronic Staphylococcus aureus-related dermatoses with the topical endolysin Staphefekt SA.100: a report of 3 cases","volume":"9","author":"Tott\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.02.005","article-title":"Targeting skin barrier function in atopic dermatitis","volume":"11","author":"van den Bogaard","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.178789","article-title":"Distinct T cell signatures are associated with Staphylococcus aureus skin infection in pediatric atopic dermatitis","volume":"9","author":"Clowry","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.01.012","article-title":"Skin antiseptics for atopic dermatitis: dissecting facts from fiction","volume":"11","author":"Ong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljad437","article-title":"Effectiveness of antibacterial therapeutic clothing vs. nonantibacterial therapeutic clothing in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled observer-blind pragmatic trial (ABC trial)","volume":"190","author":"Ragamin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e790","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.790","article-title":"Topical niclosamide (ATx201) reduces Staphylococcus aureus colonization and increases Shannon diversity of the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis patients in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial","volume":"12","author":"Weiss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"}],"container-title":["Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1081120625002650?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1081120625002650?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T10:14:28Z","timestamp":1761819268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1081120625002650"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1081120625002650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1081-1206"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1081-1206","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Infectious complications of atopic dermatitis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.021","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}