{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:47:05Z","timestamp":1791298025339,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]],"date-time":"2008-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]],"date-time":"2008-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Animal Reproduction Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,10]],"date-time":"2008-05-10T05:31:24Z","timestamp":1210397484000},"page":"179-196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Regulation of testicular function in the stallion: An intricate network of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine systems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Janet F.","family":"Roser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(99)00041-0","article-title":"The potential roles of estrogens in regulating Leydig cell development and function: a review","volume":"64","author":"Abney","year":"1999","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0010","series-title":"Equine Reproduction","first-page":"658","article-title":"Physiology and endocrinology","author":"Amann","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.009795","article-title":"Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production by Leydig cells in vitro: the role of protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade","volume":"68","author":"Anand","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2005.09.005","article-title":"Expression of inhibins, activins, insulin-like growth factor-I and steroidogenic enzymes in the equine placenta","volume":"31","author":"Arai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.05195","article-title":"Reducing estrogen synthesis in developing boars increases testis size and total sperm production","volume":"27","author":"At-Taras","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1020327","article-title":"Involvement of endogenous opioids in the regulation of LH and testosterone release in the male horse","volume":"102","author":"Aurich","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)01361-4","article-title":"Somatostatin treatment affects testicular function in stallions","volume":"60","author":"Aurich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2960","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.6.6046","article-title":"Relaxin-like factor expression as a marker of differentiation in the mouse testis and ovary","volume":"139","author":"Balvers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1984.tb38296.x","article-title":"Identification and possible function of pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides in the testis","volume":"438","author":"Bardin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3410","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2257","article-title":"Insulin-like factor 3 serum levels in 135 normal men and 85 men with testicular disorders: relationship to the luteinizing hormone-testosterone axis","volume":"90","author":"Bay","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.01233","article-title":"Follicle selection in cattle and horses: role of intrafollicular factors","volume":"132","author":"Beg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137093","article-title":"Transferrin in seminal plasma and in serum of men: its correlation with sperm quality and hormonal status","volume":"5","author":"Ber","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0065","first-page":"493","article-title":"Transferrin production in cultured Sertoli cells during testicular maturation in the stallion","volume":"66","author":"Bidstrup","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod. Suppl."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0070","first-page":"43","article-title":"Hormonal status of male reproductive system: androgens and estrogens in the testis and epididymis. In vivo and in vitro approaches","volume":"6","author":"Bilinska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0075","series-title":"Equine Reproduction","first-page":"855","article-title":"Testicular degeneration","author":"Blanchard","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0737-0806(00)80345-7","article-title":"Increased germ cell loss rates and poor semen quality in stallions with idiopathic testicular degeneration","volume":"20","author":"Blanchard","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5438","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.12.7588293","article-title":"Activin stimulates Sertoli cell proliferation in a defined period of rat testis development","volume":"136","author":"Boitani","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00297504","article-title":"Sertoli and Leydig cell numbers and gonadotropin receptors in rat testis from birth to puberty","volume":"260","author":"Bortolussi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.45.Suppl_S53","article-title":"Therapy with growth hormone: major prospects for the treatment of male subfertility?","volume":"45","author":"Breier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.007831","article-title":"Ontogenesis of leptin receptor in rat Leydig cells","volume":"68","author":"Caprio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-6-3299","article-title":"In vivo regulation of FSH synthesis by inhibin and activin","volume":"129","author":"Carroll","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0110","first-page":"98","article-title":"The role of growth hormone in pituitary and testicular function in adult mice","volume":"58","author":"Chandrashekar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30465-0","article-title":"Endocrine and testicular changes associated with season, artificial photoperiod, and the peri-pubertal period in stallions","volume":"8","author":"Clay","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0120","first-page":"144","article-title":"Immunolocalization of estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta, and androgen receptors in the equine testis","volume":"66","author":"Clement","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod52.6.1258","article-title":"Local initiation of spermatogenesis in the horse","volume":"52","author":"Clemmons","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0835","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-I is an important antiapoptotic factor for rat Leydig cells during postnatal development","volume":"148","author":"Colon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.016","article-title":"Thyroid hormone, glucocorticoids, and prolactin at the nexus of physiology, reproduction, and toxicology","volume":"194","author":"Cooke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2004.07.008","article-title":"The role of activin, follistatin and inhibin in testicular physiology","volume":"225","author":"de Kretser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0145","series-title":"Proceedings of the 16th Equine Nutrition and Physiology Symposium","first-page":"190","article-title":"Inhibin and estradiol production by cultured equine Sertoli cells","author":"Dean","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0660039","article-title":"Testicular FSH receptor numbers and affinity in bulls of various ages","volume":"66","author":"Dias","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-003-0365-9","article-title":"Androgens and male fertility","volume":"21","author":"Dohle","year":"2003","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30478-9","article-title":"Endocrine abnormalities and hormonal therapy","volume":"8","author":"Douglas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1995.tb01725.x","article-title":"Effects of lipoprotein, equine luteinizing hormone, equine follicle-stimulating hormone, and equine prolactin on equine testicular steroidogenesis in vitro","volume":"16","author":"Eisenhauer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(03)00030-4","article-title":"Prolactin regulation of estrogen receptor expression","volume":"14","author":"Frasor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(99)00093-7","article-title":"Regulation of seasonal reproductive activity in the stallion, ram and hamster","volume":"58","author":"Gerlach","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod43.1.151","article-title":"Seminal transferrin and spermatogenic capability in the bull","volume":"43","author":"Gilmont","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0185","first-page":"541","article-title":"Gonadal peptides as mediators of development and functional control of the testis: an integrated system with hormones and local environment","volume":"18","author":"Gnessi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0190","series-title":"The Sertoli Cell","first-page":"195","article-title":"Protein secretion by Sertoli cells: general considerations","author":"Griswold","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.133.4.8404607","article-title":"Effects of activin-A, inhibin-A, and transforming growth factor-beta 1 on stage-specific deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis during rat seminiferous epithelial cycle","volume":"133","author":"Hakovirta","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)60944-5","article-title":"Testosterone inhibits cAMP-induced de Novo synthesis of Leydig cell cytochrome P-450(17 alpha) by an androgen receptor-mediated mechanism","volume":"262","author":"Hales","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1177\/019262338901700219","article-title":"Physiology of the male reproductive system: endocrine, paracrine and autocrine regulation","volume":"17","author":"Heindel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0210","first-page":"5","article-title":"The role of estrogen in testis and the male reproductive tract: a review and species comparison","volume":"1","author":"Hess","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(01)00602-1","article-title":"The effects of age, season and fertility status on plasma and intratesticular insulin-like growth factor I concentration in stallions","volume":"56","author":"Hess","year":"2001","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(03)00237-1","article-title":"Immunocytochemical localization of cytochrome P450 aromatase in the testis of prepubertal, pubertal, and postpubertal horses","volume":"61","author":"Hess","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2005.06.014","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of equine luteinizing hormone (eLH), equine growth hormone (eGH) and human recombinant insulin-like growth factor (hrIGF-1) on steroid production in cultured equine Leydig cells during sexual maturation","volume":"89","author":"Hess","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(01)00617-3","article-title":"The effect of a GnRH antagonist on endocrine and seminal parameters in stallions","volume":"56","author":"Hinojosa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2004.00502.x","article-title":"Hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis","volume":"27","author":"Holdcraft","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00957","article-title":"Androgen receptor function is required in Sertoli cells for the terminal differentiation of haploid spermatids","volume":"131","author":"Holdcraft","year":"2004","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-113-5-1916","article-title":"Transferrin binds specifically to pachytene spermatocytes","volume":"113","author":"Holmes","year":"1983","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.024752","article-title":"Seasonal expression of INSL3 and Lgr8\/Insl3 receptor transcripts indicates variable differentiation of Leydig cells in the roe deer testis","volume":"71","author":"Hombach-Klonisch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod52.6.1284","article-title":"Prolactin receptor expression in rat spermatogenic cells","volume":"52","author":"Hondo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5082","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.14.5082","article-title":"Heterodimers and homodimers of inhibin subunits have different paracrine action in the modulation of luteinizing hormone-stimulated androgen biosynthesis","volume":"84","author":"Hsueh","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0265","series-title":"Tissue Renin\u2013Angiotensin Systems","first-page":"33","article-title":"Endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine regulation of testicular steroidogenesis","author":"Huhtaniemi","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0270","first-page":"259","article-title":"Regulation of spermatogenesis by paracrine\/autocrine testicular factors","volume":"6","author":"Huleihel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1530\/ror.0.0050175","article-title":"Growth hormone: a reproductive endocrine\u2013paracrine regulator?","volume":"5","author":"Hull","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.005199","article-title":"Reproductive biology of the relaxin-like factor (RLF\/INSL3)","volume":"67","author":"Ivell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3130","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-0082","article-title":"Differentiation-dependent expression of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, type 10, in the rodent testis: effect of aging in Leydig cells","volume":"144","author":"Ivell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1282.073","article-title":"Insulin-like factor 3: where are we now?","volume":"1041","author":"Ivell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1030265","article-title":"Effect of hypoprolactinaemia and hyperprolactinaemia on LH secretion, endocrine function of testes and structure of seminiferous tubules in boars","volume":"103","author":"Jedlinska","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(08)60766-4","article-title":"The Sertoli-germ cell communication network in mammals","volume":"147","author":"Jegou","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cytol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0305","series-title":"Tissue Renin\u2013Angiotensin Systems","first-page":"67","article-title":"Current aspects of autocrine and paracrine regulation of spermatogenesis","author":"Jegou","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0310","series-title":"Molecular Biology of the Male Reproductive System","first-page":"271","article-title":"Paracrine mechanisms in testicular control","author":"Jegou","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1986.6241012x","article-title":"Serum concentrations of prolactin, thyroxine and triiodothyronine relative to season and the estrous cycle in the mare","volume":"62","author":"Johnson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod29.3.777","article-title":"Age-related and seasonal variation in the Sertoli cell population, daily sperm production and serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone in stallions","volume":"29","author":"Johnson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"issue":"Suppl. 44","key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0325","first-page":"87","article-title":"Effect of age and season on the establishment of spermatogenesis in the horse","author":"Johnson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.4.6661","article-title":"Growth hormone regulates steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression and steroidogenesis in Leydig cell progenitors","volume":"140","author":"Kanzaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7323","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307061101","article-title":"Paracrine regulation of mammalian oocyte maturation and male germ cell survival","volume":"101","author":"Kawamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.008466","article-title":"INSL3 ligand-receptor system in the equine testis","volume":"68","author":"Klonisch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0345","first-page":"157","article-title":"Immunolocalization of androgen receptors in testicular cells of prepubertal and pubertal pigs","volume":"38","author":"Kotula","year":"2000","journal-title":"Folia Histochem. Cytobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31283","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C200398200","article-title":"INSL3\/Leydig insulin-like peptide activates the LGR8 receptor important in testis descent","volume":"277","author":"Kumagai","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.01.022","article-title":"Inhibin B is a better marker of spermatogenesis than other hormones in the evaluation of male factor infertility","volume":"86","author":"Kumanov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1380176","article-title":"Effect of insulin-like growth factor-I treatment on serum androgens and testicular and penile size in males with Laron syndrome (primary growth hormone resistance)","volume":"138","author":"Laron","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(99)00075-8","article-title":"Autocrine regulation of Leydig cell differentiated functions by insulin-like growth factor I and transforming growth factor beta","volume":"69","author":"Le Roy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4783","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.11.5542","article-title":"Stimulating effect of both human recombinant inhibin A and activin A on immature porcine Leydig cell functions in vitro","volume":"138","author":"Lejeune","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-125-4-2134","article-title":"Regulation of Leydig cell function in primary culture by inhibin and activin","volume":"125","author":"Lin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod67.2.648","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 and -5 in equine seminal plasma: association with sperm characteristics and fertility","volume":"67","author":"Macpherson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1177\/074873001129002051","article-title":"Biology of mammalian photoperiodism and the critical role of the pineal gland and melatonin","volume":"16","author":"Malpaux","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/01485010390204968","article-title":"Thyroid hormones: their role in testicular steroidogenesis","volume":"49","author":"Maran","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0395","series-title":"The Testis","first-page":"181","article-title":"Hormonal control of spermatogenesis","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9625","article-title":"Regulation of germ cell and Sertoli cell development by activin, follistatin and FSH","volume":"220","author":"Meehan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/01485010490474779","article-title":"Prolonged and transient neonatal hypothyroidism on Leydig cell differentiation in the postnatal rat testis","volume":"50","author":"Mendis-Handagama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16696","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506084102","article-title":"Androgens regulate the permeability of the blood\u2013testis barrier","volume":"102","author":"Meng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.224.892","article-title":"Thyroid function and pregnancy status in broodmares","volume":"224","author":"Meredith","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0880167","article-title":"Testicular growth, hormone concentrations, seminal characteristics and sexual behaviour in stallions","volume":"88","author":"Naden","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod59.1.62","article-title":"Testicular inhibin in the stallion: cellular source and seasonal changes in its secretion","volume":"59","author":"Nagata","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/10364","article-title":"Cryptorchidism in mice mutant for Insl3","volume":"22","author":"Nef","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.22.3.0431","article-title":"Estrogen and spermatogenesis","volume":"22","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/gene.1029","article-title":"A transgenic insertion causing cryptorchidism in mice","volume":"30","author":"Overbeek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2004.04787.x","article-title":"Effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 on apoptosis of rat testicular germ cells induced by testicular torsion","volume":"93","author":"Ozkurkcugil","year":"2004","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(02)00098-0","article-title":"The expression of the RLF\/INSL3 gene is reduced in Leydig cells of the aging rat testis","volume":"37","author":"Paust","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0455","first-page":"153","article-title":"The Sertoli cell\u2014a hormonal target and \u2018super\u2019 nurse for germ cells that determines testicular size","volume":"66","author":"Petersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0990529","article-title":"Effects of bromocriptine-induced hypoprolactinaemia on gonadotrophin secretion and testicular function in rams (Ovis aries) during two seasons","volume":"99","author":"Regisford","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1991.tb27303.x","article-title":"Androgen regulation of spermatogenesis in the rat","volume":"637","author":"Roberts","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7986","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.14.7986","article-title":"Impairment of spermatogenesis in mice lacking a functional aromatase (cyp 19) gene","volume":"96","author":"Robertson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0475","first-page":"136","article-title":"Idiopathic subfertility\/infertility in stallions: new endorcrine methods of diagnosis","author":"Roser","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Therio."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0480","series-title":"Equine Breeding Management and Artificial Insemination","first-page":"41","article-title":"Reproductive endocrinology of the stallion","author":"Roser","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(01)00151-8","article-title":"Endocrine and paracrine control of sperm production in stallions","volume":"68","author":"Roser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0490","series-title":"Current Therapy in Equine Reproduction","first-page":"244","article-title":"Endocrine diagnostics and therapeutics for the stallion with declining fertility","author":"Roser","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0739-7240(94)90037-X","article-title":"Inhibin activity in the mare and stallion","volume":"11","author":"Roser","year":"1994","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-120-4-1615","article-title":"Hormonal control of pubertal spermatogenesis","volume":"120","author":"Russell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2005.03.017","article-title":"Constitutive regulation of the Insl3 gene in rat Leydig cells","volume":"241","author":"Sadeghian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0510","first-page":"56","article-title":"Hormonal interrelationships between hypothalamus, pituitary and testis of rams and bulls","volume":"55","author":"Schanbacher","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0515","first-page":"57","article-title":"Gonadotrophin and steroid concentrations in jugular and testicular venous plasma in stallions before and after GnRH injection","volume":"44","author":"Seamans","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.4.7895679","article-title":"Effects of luteinizing hormone (LH) and androgen on steady state levels of messenger ribonucleic acid for LH receptors, androgen receptors, and steroidogenic enzymes in rat Leydig cell progenitors in vivo","volume":"136","author":"Shan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0525","series-title":"Equine Reproduction","first-page":"100","article-title":"Melatonin","author":"Sharp","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0530","series-title":"Equine Reproduction","first-page":"179","article-title":"Photoperiod","author":"Sharp","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0535","series-title":"The Physiology of Reproduction","first-page":"1363","article-title":"Regulation of spermatogenesis","author":"Sharpe","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)55023-7","article-title":"Cotreatment with growth hormone for induction of spermatogenesis in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism","volume":"57","author":"Shoham","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1336.008","article-title":"Estrogens in testis biology","volume":"1061","author":"Sierens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5311","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.12.7588276","article-title":"Induction of spermatogenesis by androgens in gonadotropin-deficient (hpg) mice","volume":"136","author":"Singh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540305100306","article-title":"Immunolocalization of aromatase in stallion Leydig cells and seminiferous tubules","volume":"51","author":"Sipahutar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0560","series-title":"The Sertoli Cell","first-page":"237","article-title":"Secretion of growth factors and other regulatory factors","author":"Skinner","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.1.114","article-title":"Testicular peritubular cells secrete a protein under androgen control that modulates Sertoli cell functions","volume":"82","author":"Skinner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.20341","article-title":"Proopiomelanocortin gene expression and beta-endorphin localization in the pituitary, testis, and epididymis of stallion","volume":"73","author":"Soverchia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000182566","article-title":"The role of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I in the regulation of male reproductive function","volume":"38","author":"Spiteri-Grech","year":"1992","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0980001","article-title":"Paracrine factors relevant to the regulation of spermatogenesis\u2014a review","volume":"98","author":"Spiteri-Grech","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0739-7240(97)00083-0","article-title":"Effects of age, season, and fertility status on plasma and intratesticular immunoreactive (IR) inhibin concentrations in stallions","volume":"15","author":"Stewart","year":"1998","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2005.06.015","article-title":"Modulating reproductive activity in stallions: a review","volume":"89","author":"Stout","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3109\/01485018409161150","article-title":"Testicular gonadotropin receptors, testicular testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and androstenedione in the developing bull","volume":"12","author":"Sundby","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod64.1.107","article-title":"Selective loss of Sertoli cell and germ cell function leads to a disruption in Sertoli cell\u2013germ cell communication during aging in the Brown Norway rat","volume":"64","author":"Syed","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1994.tb00468.x","article-title":"The testicular iron shuttle: a \u201cnurse\u201d function of the Sertoli cells","volume":"15","author":"Sylvester","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmk002","article-title":"Oxytocin\u2014its role in male reproduction and new potential therapeutic uses","volume":"12","author":"Thackare","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1984.591189x","article-title":"Active immunization of prepubertal colts against estrogens: hormonal and testicular responses after puberty","volume":"59","author":"Thompson","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1986.633854x","article-title":"Concentrations of prolactin, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone in pituitary and serum of horses: effect of sex, season and reproductive state","volume":"63","author":"Thompson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0625","first-page":"67","article-title":"Effects of month and age on prolactin concentrations in stallion serum","volume":"35","author":"Thompson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-125-4-1898","article-title":"Inhibin reduces spermatogonial numbers in testes of adult mice and Chinese hamsters","volume":"125","author":"van Dissel-Emiliani","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(99)00032-1","article-title":"Oxytocin in the semen and gonads of the stallion","volume":"51","author":"Watson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0640","series-title":"Molecular Biology of Male Reproductive System","first-page":"99","article-title":"Hormonal control of spermatogenesis","author":"Weinbauer","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020222700905","article-title":"Activins, inhibins, and follistatins: from endocrinology to signalling. A paradigm for the new millennium","volume":"227","author":"Welt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-007-9015-0","article-title":"Infertility with defective spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in male mice lacking androgen receptor in Leydig cells","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000182562","article-title":"Interrelations between growth hormone and sex hormones: physiology and therapeutic consequences","volume":"38","author":"Zachmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.13.5.0272","article-title":"Targeted disruption of the Insl3 gene causes bilateral cryptorchidism","volume":"13","author":"Zimmermann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004_bib0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1994.tb00449.x","article-title":"Is FSH required for adult spermatogenesis?","volume":"15","author":"Zirkin","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Androl."}],"container-title":["Animal Reproduction Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378432008001656?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378432008001656?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T06:10:48Z","timestamp":1759903848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378432008001656"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0378432008001656"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-4320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-4320","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Regulation of testicular function in the stallion: An intricate network of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine systems","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Animal Reproduction Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}