{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T14:55:23Z","timestamp":1781967323659,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Animal Reproduction Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,21]],"date-time":"2008-11-21T05:59:07Z","timestamp":1227247147000},"page":"255-266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Successful cryopreservation of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) spermatozoa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Saragusty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Hildebrandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britta","family":"Behr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Knieriem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Kruse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Hermes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.017889","article-title":"Trehalose-enhanced fluidity of the goat sperm membrane and its protection during freezing","volume":"69","author":"Aboagla","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-5573-1-6","article-title":"WINPEPI (PEPI-for-Windows): computer programs for epidemiologists","volume":"1","author":"Abramson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Persp. Innov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib3","unstructured":"Arav, A., 1999. Device and methods for multigradient directional cooling and warming of biological samples. Arav, Amir, US Patent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0990353","article-title":"Osmotic and cytotoxic study of vitrification of immature bovine oocytes","volume":"99","author":"Arav","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(01)00700-6","article-title":"New trends in gamete\u2019s cryopreservation","volume":"187","author":"Arav","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:2002044","article-title":"Successful pregnancies in cows following double freezing of a large volume of semen","volume":"42","author":"Arav","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reprod. Nutr. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib7","first-page":"9","article-title":"Semen preservation for reproduction management in rare and endangered species","volume":"33","author":"Blottner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Ethol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1071\/RD03007","article-title":"Improved sperm cryopreservation using cold cryoprotectant","volume":"15","author":"Clarke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13670","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0618680","article-title":"Hydrogen bonding and the cryoprotective properties of glycerol\/water mixtures","volume":"110","author":"Dashnau","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2895494","article-title":"Viscosity sensing with lamb-wave microsensor: dimethylsulfoxide solution viscosity as a function of temperature","volume":"115","author":"Eto","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20054","article-title":"Is reversing the decline of Asian elephants in North American zoos possible? An individual-based modeling approach","volume":"25","author":"Faust","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zoo Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-2240(86)90061-1","article-title":"The effects of rapid cooling (cold shock) of ram semen, photoperiod, and egg yolk in diluents on the survival of spermatozoa before and after freezing","volume":"23","author":"Fiser","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.05.012","article-title":"Successful pregnancies with directional freezing of large volume buck semen","volume":"63","author":"Gacitua","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(98)00118-3","article-title":"Fundamental cryobiology of selected African mammalian spermatozoa and its role in biodiversity preservation through the development of genome resource banking","volume":"53","author":"Gilmore","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib15","unstructured":"Hermes, R., Arav, A., Saragusty, J., G\u00f6ritz, F., Pettit, M., Blottner, S., Flach, E., Eshkar, G., Boardman, W., Hildebrandt, T.B., 2003. Cryopreservation of Asian elephant spermatozoa using directional freezing, Annual meeting of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Minneapolis, MN, USA, p. 264 (abstract)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.04.007","article-title":"Reproductive soundness of captive southern and northern white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum, C.s. cottoni): evaluation of male genital tract morphology and semen quality before and after cryopreservation","volume":"63","author":"Hermes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2361(2000)19:5<333::AID-ZOO5>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the urogenital tract in elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus): an important tool for assessing male reproductive function","volume":"19","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Zoo Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0780295","article-title":"Influence of cryoprotective diluent on post-thaw viability and acrosomal integrity of spermatozoa of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)","volume":"78","author":"Howard","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0240213","article-title":"Semen of the Ceylon elephant, Elephas maximus","volume":"24","author":"Jainudeen","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)02992-2","article-title":"Twin pregnancy after vitrification of 2-pronuclei human embryos","volume":"77","author":"Jelinkova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1006\/cryo.1995.1006","article-title":"Genome resource banking for species conservation: selection of sperm donors","volume":"32","author":"Johnston","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/243038a0","article-title":"Collection, motility and storage of spermatozoa from the African elephant Loxodonta africana","volume":"243","author":"Jones","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3109\/10520299209110020","article-title":"Viability and acrosome staining of bull, boar and rabbit spermatozoa","volume":"67","author":"Kov\u00e1cs","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biotech. Histochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1006\/cryo.2000.2230","article-title":"Development of a simple sperm cryopreservation model using a chemically defined medium and goat cauda epididymal spermatozoa","volume":"40","author":"Kundu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/10520290600931007","article-title":"Viability and acrosome staining of stallion spermatozoa by Chicago sky blue and Giemsa","volume":"81","author":"K\u00fatv\u00f6lgyi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biotech. Histochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(01)00673-2","article-title":"Cryopreservation of gametes and embryos of non-domestic species","volume":"57","author":"Leibo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(96)01545-X","article-title":"Species and individual variations in cryoprotectant toxicities and freezing resistances of epididymal sperm from African antelope","volume":"42","author":"Loskutoff","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0963-9969(95)00006-8","article-title":"Evaluation of viscosities of amorphous phases in partially frozen systems by WLF kinetics and glass transition temperatures","volume":"28","author":"Maltini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.11.010","article-title":"Evaluation of a cushioned method for centrifugation and processing for freezing boar semen","volume":"67","author":"Matas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib30","series-title":"Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of elephants","first-page":"325","article-title":"Hemolymphatic system","author":"Mikota","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1071\/RD05108","article-title":"Development of sperm sexing and associated assisted reproductive technology for sex preselection of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)","volume":"18","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reid, C.E., Hermes, R., Blottner, S., Goeritz, F., Wibbelt, G., Walzer, C., Bryant, B.R., Portas, T.J., Streich, W.J., Hildebrandt, T.B., in press. Split-sample comparison of directional and liquid nitrogen vapour freezing method on post-thaw semen quality in white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum and Ceratotherium simum cottoni). Theriogenology, doi:10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.07.009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.07.009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2005.00578.x","article-title":"Ultrastructural alterations of frozen\u2013thawed Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) spermatozoa","volume":"29","author":"Sa-Ardrit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.01.055","article-title":"Post-mortem semen cryopreservation and characterization in two different endangered gazelle species (Gazella gazella and Gazella dorcas) and one subspecies (Gazella gazelle acaiae)","volume":"66","author":"Saragusty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2006.00831.x","article-title":"Directional freezing of equine semen in large volumes","volume":"42","author":"Saragusty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod. Dom. Anim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20045","article-title":"Effect of egg\u2013phosphatidylcholine on the chilling sensitivity and lipid phase transition of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) spermatozoa","volume":"24","author":"Saragusty","year":"2005","journal-title":"Zoo Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(98)00120-1","article-title":"Manual collection and characterization of semen from Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)","volume":"53","author":"Schmitt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(99)00096-2","article-title":"Corrigendum to \u201cManual collection and characterization of semen from Asian elephants\u201d [Anim. Reprod. Sci. 53 (1998) 309\u2013314]","volume":"59","author":"Schmitt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.06.010","article-title":"The successful double cryopreservation of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) semen in large volume using the directional freezing technique with reduced concentration of cryoprotectant","volume":"65","author":"Si","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1090.2006.00001.x","article-title":"A brief review of the status, distribution and biology of wild Asian elephants Elephas maximus","volume":"40","author":"Sukumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Zoo Yrbk."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2361(2000)19:5<461::AID-ZOO13>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"A postcryogenic comparison of membrane fatty acids of elephant spermatozoa","volume":"19","author":"Swain","year":"2000","journal-title":"Zoo Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2361(1998)17:4<311::AID-ZOO5>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Captive breeding and infant mortality in Asian elephants: a comparison between 20 western zoos and three eastern elephant centers","volume":"17","author":"Taylor","year":"1998","journal-title":"Zoo Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2003.11.021","article-title":"Evaluation of post-thaw Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) spermatozoa using flow cytometry: the effects of extender and cryoprotectant","volume":"62","author":"Thongtip","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1071\/RD9950871","article-title":"Recent development in the cryopreservation of spermatozoa and the assessment of their post-thawing function","volume":"7","author":"Watson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2361(2000)19:5<299::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Asian elephants are not self-sustaining in North America","volume":"19","author":"Wiese","year":"2000","journal-title":"Zoo Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(92)90111-P","article-title":"Genetic resource banks for conserving wildlife species: justification, examples and becoming organized on a global basis","volume":"28","author":"Wildt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animal Reproduction Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378432008004636?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378432008004636?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T06:15:09Z","timestamp":1759904109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378432008004636"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0378432008004636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-4320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-4320","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Successful cryopreservation of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) spermatozoa","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Animal Reproduction Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.11.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}