{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:18:36Z","timestamp":1791825516385,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]],"date-time":"2012-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]],"date-time":"2012-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Animal Reproduction Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,25]],"date-time":"2012-01-25T14:48:31Z","timestamp":1327502911000},"page":"187-192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Semen processing and artificial insemination in health management of small ruminants"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Cseh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Faigl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.S.","family":"Amiridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.07.001","article-title":"Factors influencing the success of vaginal and laparoscopic artificial insemination in churra ewes: a field assay","volume":"63","author":"Anel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.10.005","article-title":"The effect of insemination time and sperm dose on pregnancy rate using sex-sorted ram sperm","volume":"71","author":"Beilby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.03.025","article-title":"Disinfection procedures for controlling microorganisms in the semen and embryos of humans and farm animals","volume":"68","author":"Bielanski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(94)90377-U","article-title":"Further development of a transcervical technique for artificial insemination in sheep using previously frozen semen","volume":"42","author":"Buckrell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0025","series-title":"Training Manual on Artificial Insemination in Sheep and Goats. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 83","author":"Chemineau","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0030","unstructured":"Commission Regulation (EU) No 176\/2010, 1992. Amending Annex D to Council Directive 92\/65\/EEC as regards semen collection and storage centres, embryo collection and production teams, and conditions for donor animals of the equine, ovine and caprine species and for handling semen, ova and embryos of those species. OJ L 52, 3.3.2010, 14\u201328."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0035","unstructured":"Council Directive 92\/65\/EEC, 1992. Laying down animal health requirements governing trade in and imports into the Community of animals, semen, ova and embryos not subject to animal health requirements laid down in specific Community rules referred to in Annex A (I) to Directive 90\/425\/EEC. OJ L 268, 14.9.1992, 54\u201372."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(97)82394-1","article-title":"Production of lambs by low dose intrauterine insemination with flow cytometrically sorted and unsorted sperm","volume":"47","author":"Cran","year":"1997","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2006.00837.x","article-title":"Successful low dose insemination of flow cytometrically sorted ram spermatozoa in sheep","volume":"42","author":"De Graaf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2001.tb10898.x","article-title":"Isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis from the semen of rams with clinical Johne's disease","volume":"79","author":"Eppleston","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0055","series-title":"Salamon's Artificial Insemination of Sheep and Goats","author":"Evans","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.10-015T","article-title":"Factors affecting the fertility of ewes after intrauterine insemination with frozen-thawed semen during the non-breeding season","volume":"56","author":"Fukui","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0065","first-page":"271","article-title":"The functional integrity and fate of cryopreserved ram spermatozoa in the female tract. V. International Symposium on Reproduction in Domestic Ruminants","volume":"54","author":"Gillan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2010.04.005","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of reproductive ability of rams","volume":"92","author":"Gouletsou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0260","series-title":"Proceedings of the 53rd General Session of Office International des Epizooties, no. 4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diseases transmissible by semen and embryo transfer techniques","author":"Hare","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1071\/RD02034","article-title":"Production of lambs of predetermined sex after the insemination of ewes with low numbers of frozen-thawed sorted X- or Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa","volume":"14","author":"Hollinshead","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1071\/RD03060","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo assessment of functional capacity of flow cytometrically sorted ram spermatozoa after freezing and thawing","volume":"15","author":"Hollinshead","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.02.017","article-title":"The anatomy of the sheep cervix and its influence on the transcervical passage of an inseminating pipette into the uterine lumen","volume":"64","author":"Kershaw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2005.08.008","article-title":"Pellet-freezing of Damascus goat semen in a chemically defined extender","volume":"93","author":"Khalifa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1982.tb02737.x","article-title":"Uterine insemination of ewes with the aid of a laparoscope","volume":"59","author":"Killeen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0100","first-page":"233","article-title":"Goat semen preserved at 4\u00b0C until 76hours before artificial insemination: different attempts to maintain the fertility","volume":"34","author":"Leboeuf","year":"2004","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0110","series-title":"Reproduction in Sheep","first-page":"291","article-title":"Current problems and future potential of artificial insemination programmes","author":"Maxwell","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0115","first-page":"13","article-title":"Seminal plasma effects on sperm handling and female fertility","volume":"64","author":"Maxwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1071\/RD9930613","article-title":"Liquid storage of ram semen: a review","volume":"5","author":"Maxwell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(96)01544-8","article-title":"Recent progress in the preservation of ram semen","volume":"42","author":"Maxwell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.08.016","article-title":"Natural, but not lyophilized, low density lypoproteins were an acceptable alternative to egg yolk for cryopreservation of ram semen","volume":"75","author":"Moustacasa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0135","series-title":"Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology","first-page":"529","author":"Nuti","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0140","article-title":"Collection and processing of bovine, small ruminant and porcine sample","volume":"vol. I","author":"Anon.","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.10.009","article-title":"Effect of storage duration, storage temperature, and diluent on the viability and fertility of fresh ram semen","volume":"73","author":"O\u2019Hara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0150","series-title":"Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics","first-page":"681","author":"Parkinson","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0531.2003.00480.x","article-title":"Flow cytometry identification of X- and Y-chromosome-bearing goat spermatozoa","volume":"39","author":"Parrilla","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.156.12.372","article-title":"Effect of vaginal and cervical deposition of semen on the fertility of sheep inseminated with frozen\u2013thawed semen","volume":"156","author":"Paulenz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(96)00175-6","article-title":"Laparoscopic insemination of frozen-thawed semen into one or both uterine horns without regard to ovulation site in synchronized merino ewes","volume":"46","author":"Perkins","year":"1996","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.07.008","article-title":"Intracervical application of hyaluronan improves cervical relaxation in the ewe","volume":"74","author":"Perry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2004014","article-title":"Routes of transmission and consequences of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) infection and eradication schemes","volume":"35","author":"Peterhans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(05)80075-2","article-title":"The dangers of disease transmission by artificial insemination and embryo transfer","volume":"149","author":"Philpott","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2008.01182.x","article-title":"Application and commercialization of flow cytometrically sex-sorted semen","volume":"43","author":"Rath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(94)01327-I","article-title":"Frozen storage of ram semen. I. Processing, freezing, thawing and fertility after cervical insemination","volume":"37","author":"Salamon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(94)01328-J","article-title":"Frozen storage of ram semen. II. Causes of low fertility after cervical insemination and methods of improvement","volume":"38","author":"Salamon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(00)00155-X","article-title":"Storage of ram semen","volume":"62","author":"Salamon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0531.2000.00199.x","article-title":"Characteristics of buck semen with regard to ejaculate numbers, collection intervals, diluents and preservation periods","volume":"35","author":"Shamsuddin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0210","series-title":"Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology","first-page":"629","author":"Shipley","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2004.09.008","article-title":"Cloning and seasonal secreation of the pancreatic lipase-related protein2 present in goat seminal plasma","volume":"1686","author":"Sias","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.2527\/2005.8371543x","article-title":"Transcervical deep corneal insemination of goats","volume":"83","author":"Sohnrey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(00)00161-5","article-title":"Hygienic aspects of storage and use of semen for artificial insemination","volume":"60","author":"Thibier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2010.04.017","article-title":"Ram semen evaluation: development and efficiency of modern techniques","volume":"92","author":"Tsakmakidis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.05.049","article-title":"Risks of transmitting ruminant spongioform encephalopathies (prion diseases) by semen and embryo transfer techniques","volume":"70","author":"Wrathall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.05.043","article-title":"Evaluation of risks of viral transmission to recipients of bovine embryos arising from fertilisation with virus-infected semen","volume":"65","author":"Wrathall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)01042-7","article-title":"Development of a new transcervical artificial insemination method for sheep: effects of a new transcervical insemination catheter and traversing the cervix on semen quality and fertility","volume":"58","author":"Wulster-Radcliffe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2003.12.031","article-title":"Transcervical artificial insemination in sheep: effects of a new transcervical insemination instrument and traversing the cervix on pregnancy and lambing rates","volume":"62","author":"Wulster-Radcliffe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2010.08.006","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of ram semen, antibiotic sensitivities, and effects on sperm quality during storage at 15\u00b0C","volume":"122","author":"Y\u00e1niz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animal Reproduction Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378432012000401?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378432012000401?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T06:21:12Z","timestamp":1759904472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378432012000401"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0378432012000401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-4320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-4320","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Semen processing and artificial insemination in health management of small ruminants","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Animal Reproduction Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.01.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}