{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:15:04Z","timestamp":1790745304913,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Animal Reproduction Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,17]],"date-time":"2014-09-17T19:17:46Z","timestamp":1410981466000},"page":"130-138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A morphological classification of sperm defects in the ostrich (Struthio camelus)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Lizette du","family":"Plessis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4428-6859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irek","family":"Malecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maud","family":"Bonato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marna","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Schalk","family":"Cloete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Soley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0005","first-page":"1087","article-title":"Morphological defects in turkey semen","volume":"26","author":"Alkan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0248-4900(91)90067-W","article-title":"Spermatozoa and relationships in Palaeognath birds","volume":"71","author":"Baccetti","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0015","series-title":"Abnormal Morphology of Bovine Spermatozoa","author":"Barth","year":"1989"},{"issue":"77","key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0020","first-page":"359","article-title":"Mitteilungen zur k\u00fcnstlichen Besamung, Geschlechts und Altersbestimmung beim Strau\u00df (Struthio camelus australis, Gurney)","volume":"5","author":"Berens von Rautenfeld","year":"1977","journal-title":"Der praktischeTierarzt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0025","series-title":"Proc. Biennial Congr. South Afr. Vet. Assoc., Grahamstown","first-page":"154","article-title":"Semen collection and evaluation of the male ostrich","author":"Bertschinger","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0030","first-page":"438","article-title":"Between male variation in semen characteristics and preliminary results on the dilution of semen in the ostrich","volume":"40","author":"Bonato","year":"2010","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2011.01.007","article-title":"Twice daily collection yields greater semen output and does not affect male libido in the ostrich","volume":"123","author":"Bonato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.06.008","article-title":"The effect of temperature and pH on the motility and viability of ostrich sperm","volume":"133","author":"Bonato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0045","first-page":"19","article-title":"Semen collection from Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) using a teaser female","volume":"32","author":"Chelmo\u0144ska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2010.08.014","article-title":"Biochemical characterization and sperm motility parameters of ostrich (Struthio camelus) semen","volume":"122","author":"Ciereszko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1071\/EA08135","article-title":"Deriving a preliminary breeding objective for commercial ostriches: an overview","volume":"48","author":"Cloete","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust. J. Exp. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0060","series-title":"The morphology and development of normal and abnormal spermatozoa in the emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae","author":"Du Plessis","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.09.021","article-title":"Incidence, structure and morphological classification of abnormal spermatozoa in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)","volume":"75","author":"Du Plessis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.05.034","article-title":"Head-base bending and disjointed spermatozoa in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae): a morphological comparison of two closely related defects","volume":"76","author":"Du Plessis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2013.08.016","article-title":"Light microscopic features and morphometry of sperm in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)","volume":"81","author":"Du Plessis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0080","series-title":"Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zur Morphologie von Ganterspermatozoen.","author":"Ferdinand","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3184\/147020604783637435","article-title":"Reproduction in nondomestic birds: physiology, semen collection, artificial insemination and cryopreservation","volume":"15","author":"Gee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Poult. Avian Biol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0090","series-title":"Improving Our Understanding of Ratites in a Farming Environment","first-page":"155","article-title":"Spermatological examination and artificial insemination of ostriches","author":"Hemberger","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0531.2001.00305.x","article-title":"Semen collection, examination and spermiogram in ostriches","volume":"36","author":"Hemberger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0100","series-title":"Improving Our Understanding of Ratites in a Farming Environment","first-page":"157","article-title":"Semen collection and evaluation in the ostrich","author":"Irons","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0105","series-title":"Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Birds Part A","first-page":"349","article-title":"Avian spermatozoa: structure and phylogeny","author":"Jamieson","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.2.277","article-title":"Genetic characteristics of the ostrich population using molecular methods","volume":"86","author":"Kawka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poultry Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660500098210","article-title":"Effect of collection frequency on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pigeon (Columba livia) semen","volume":"46","author":"Klimowicz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. Poultry Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4314\/sajas.v34i2.3811","article-title":"The influence of stocking rate and male:female ratio on the production of breeding ostriches (Struthio camelus spp.) under commercial farming conditions","volume":"34","author":"Lambrechts","year":"2004","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1170307","article-title":"Variability in the size of the nucleus in spermatozoa from Houbara bustards, Chlamydotis undulate","volume":"117","author":"Lindsay","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668408454896","article-title":"Comparative study of the effects of various cryoprotectants in preserving the morphology of frozen and thawed fowl spermatozoa","volume":"25","author":"Maeda","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. Poultry Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668608416929","article-title":"Studies of the factors causing abnormal acrosomes and crooked-necks in fowl spermatozoa during freezing and thawing","volume":"27","author":"Maeda","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. Poultry Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1071\/EA08141","article-title":"Artificial insemination technology for ratites: a review","volume":"48","author":"Malecki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust. J. Exp. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(88)80003-7","article-title":"Semen characteristics of the guinea fowl, Numida meleagris meleagris","volume":"29","author":"Nwakalor","year":"1988","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(05)80010-X","article-title":"Evaluation of the semen characteristics of adult cocks of different genetic backgrounds","volume":"34","author":"Omeje","year":"1990","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1071\/RD00093","article-title":"Seasonal patterns of LH, testosterone and semen quality in the Northern pintail duck (Anas acuta)","volume":"12","author":"Penfold","year":"2000","journal-title":"Reprod. Fert. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0160","first-page":"82","article-title":"Spermien Ostafrikanischer Tiere","volume":"16","author":"Retzius","year":"1911","journal-title":"Biol. Unt., N.F."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660310001618361","article-title":"Method for collecting semen from the ostrich (Struthio camelus) and some of its quantitative and qualitative characteristics","volume":"44","author":"Rozenboim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. Poultry Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660701573078","article-title":"Semen collection in the ostrich (Struthio camelus) using a dummy or a teaser female","volume":"48","author":"Rybnik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. Poultry Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2011.643223","article-title":"The ostrich (Struthio camelus) ejaculate\u2014effects of the method of collection, male age, month of the season, and daily frequency","volume":"53","author":"Rybnik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. Poultry Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2007-00048","article-title":"Effect of semen extenders and storage time on sperm morphology of four chicken breeds","volume":"17","author":"Siudzi\u0144ska","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poultry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0185","series-title":"A histological study of spermatogenesis in the ostrich (Struthio camelus).","author":"Soley","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0190","first-page":"119","article-title":"Ultrastructure of ostrich (Struthio camelus) spermatozoa: I. Transmission electron microscopy","volume":"60","author":"Soley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0195","first-page":"58","article-title":"The ultrastructure of retained cytoplasmic droplets in ostrich spermatozoa","volume":"23","author":"Soley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Electron Microsc. Soc. South. Afr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0200","series-title":"The Ostrich: Biology, Production and Health","first-page":"129","article-title":"Reproduction","author":"Soley","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0205","first-page":"239","article-title":"Ultrastructure of ostrich (Struthio camelus) spermatozoa: II. Scanning electron microscopy","volume":"61","author":"Soley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0210","series-title":"Correlation between semen quality and egg fertility in ostriches","first-page":"45","author":"Soley","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0215","series-title":"Improving Our Understanding of Ratites in a Farming Environment","first-page":"16","article-title":"The morphology and incidence of retained cytoplasmic droplets in ostrich spermatozoa","author":"Soley","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2003.08.018","article-title":"Semen characteristics, cryopreservation, and successful artificial insemination in the Blue rock pigeon (Columba livia)","volume":"62","author":"Sontakke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.043430","article-title":"Semen characteristics of the captive Indian white-backed vulture","volume":"73","author":"Umapathy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."}],"container-title":["Animal Reproduction Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378432014002796?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378432014002796?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T06:27:23Z","timestamp":1759904843000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378432014002796"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0378432014002796"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-4320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-4320","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A morphological classification of sperm defects in the ostrich (Struthio camelus)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Animal Reproduction Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}