{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:13:42Z","timestamp":1787750022854,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Diagnostic Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T11:37:14Z","timestamp":1581680234000},"page":"151479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Spectrum of histological features of Denosumab treated Giant Cell Tumor of Bone; potential pitfalls and diagnostic challenges for pathologists"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Usman","family":"Tariq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masood","family":"Umer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeeshan","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javeria","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Ather","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasir Ud","family":"Din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20140124-08","article-title":"Giant cell tumor of bone","volume":"37","author":"Amanatullah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1517\/21678707.2015.1086336","article-title":"Denosumab for treating giant cell tumor of bone","volume":"3","author":"Jagiello-Wieczorek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin Orphan Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0b013e32832c951d","article-title":"Giant cell tumor of bone","volume":"21","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-014-0289-1","article-title":"Giant cell tumor of bone: current treatment options","volume":"15","author":"Skubitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4312","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.5246","article-title":"Denosumab treatment of inoperable or locally advanced giant cell tumor of bone","volume":"12","author":"Borkowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000506","article-title":"Denosumab-treated giant cell tumor of bone exhibits morphologic overlap with malignant giant cell tumor of bone","volume":"40","author":"Wojcik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-008-0370-x","article-title":"Giant cell tumor of bone: treatment and outcome of 214 cases","volume":"134","author":"Balke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/17453670710014815","article-title":"Cement is recommended in intralesional surgery of giant cell tumors: a scandinavian sarcoma group study of 294 patients followed for a median time of 5 years","volume":"79","author":"Kivioja","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1501-7","article-title":"Giant cell tumor of bone: risk factors for recurrence","volume":"489","author":"Klenke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2013-0432","article-title":"The clinical approach toward giant cell tumor of bone","volume":"19","author":"van der Heijden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.M.00516","article-title":"Liquid nitrogen or phenolization for giant cell tumor of bone?: a comparative cohort study of various standard treatments at two tertiary referral centers","volume":"96","author":"van der Heijden","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0060","first-page":"69","article-title":"Ethanol as a local adjuvant for giant cell tumor of bone","volume":"26","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Iowa Orthop J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.93B12.27663","article-title":"Does the addition of cement improve the rate of local recurrence after curettage of giant cell tumours in bone?","volume":"93","author":"Gaston","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.08.038","article-title":"Bisphosphonates reduce local recurrence in extremity giant cell tumor of bone: a case-control study","volume":"42","author":"Tse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2014.06.003","article-title":"Adjuvant treatment with zoledronic acid after extensive curettage for giant cell tumours of bone","volume":"50","author":"Gouin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/00000421-199504000-00010","article-title":"Prolonged disease-free survival following surgical debulking and high-dose cisplatin\/doxorubicin in a patient with bulky metastases from giant cell tumor of bone refractory to \u201cstandard\u201d chemotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Stewart","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(97)00219-X","article-title":"Giant cell tumor of the sphenoid bone: long-term follow-up of two cases after chemotherapy","volume":"49","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19820715)50:2<207::AID-CNCR2820500206>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Chemotherapy of a malignant, metastasizing giant-cell tumor of bone: report of an unusual case and the response to combination chemotherapy","volume":"50","author":"Mella","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4415","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-0578","article-title":"Denosumab induces tumor reduction and bone formation in patients with giant-cell tumor of bone","volume":"18","author":"Branstetter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-016-0123-0","article-title":"Clinicopathological features of a series of 27 cases of post-denosumab treated giant cell tumors of bones: a single institutional experience at a tertiary cancer referral centre, India","volume":"23","author":"Rekhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathol Oncol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aott.2016.03.004","article-title":"Clinical and pathological results of denosumab treatment for giant cell tumors of bone: prospective study of 14 cases","volume":"51","author":"Deveci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2018.03.020","article-title":"Denosumab treatment of inoperable or locally advanced giant cell tumor of bone - multicenter analysis outside clinical trial","volume":"44","author":"Rutkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Santosh, J.L. Mayerson, O.H. Iwenofu, Pseudosarcomatous spindle cell proliferation with osteoid matrix mimicking osteosarcoma: a distinct histologic phenotype in giant cell tumor of bone following denosumab therapy, Appl. Immunohistochem. Mo.l Morphol. 24 (2016) e18\u20139. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PAI.0000000000000165.","DOI":"10.1097\/PAI.0000000000000165"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Zhang, H. Ilaslan, T.W. Bauer, Giant cell tumor of bone: imaging and histology changes after denosumab treatment: comment on: von Borstel D, Taguibao RA, Strle NA, Burns JE. Giant cell tumor of the bone: aggressive case initially treated with denosumab and intralesional surgery, Skeletal Radiol. 46 (2017) 571\u2013578. Skeletal Radiol. 46 (2017) 961\u2013962. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00256-017-2643-4.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-017-2643-4"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2015-203248","article-title":"Denosumab treated giant cell tumour of bone: a morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of a series","volume":"69","author":"Girolami","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13448","article-title":"Giant cell tumours of bone treated with denosumab: histological, immunohistochemical and H3F3A mutation analyses","volume":"72","author":"Kato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62959-8","article-title":"Molecular profiling of giant cell tumor of bone and the osteoclastic localization of ligand for receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B","volume":"167","author":"Morgan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/PAT.0b013e3283463536","article-title":"RANK signalling in bone lesions with osteoclast-like giant cells","volume":"43","author":"Won","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.5114\/pjp.2016.65873","article-title":"Morphologic evaluation of the effect of denosumab on giant cell tumors of bone and a new grading scheme","volume":"67","author":"Erdogan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2017.02.008","article-title":"Denosumab-treated giant cell tumor of bone. Its histologic spectrum and potential diagnostic pitfalls","volume":"63","author":"Roitman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2016.01.006","article-title":"Efficacy of denosumab in joint preservation for patients with giant cell tumour of the bone","volume":"59","author":"Traub","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044459","article-title":"Denosumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density","volume":"354","author":"McClung","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0165","author":"Rothstein"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.004","article-title":"Safety of bisphosphonates in the treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"122","author":"Recker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2019-0170","article-title":"Excess of second tumors in denosumab-treated patients: a metabolic hypothesis","volume":"15","author":"Tovazzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Oncol"}],"container-title":["Annals of Diagnostic Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1092913420300204?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1092913420300204?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T20:31:36Z","timestamp":1761078696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1092913420300204"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S1092913420300204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-9134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-9134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Spectrum of histological features of Denosumab treated Giant Cell Tumor of Bone; potential pitfalls and diagnostic challenges for pathologists","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Annals of Diagnostic Pathology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151479","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"151479"}}