{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T23:20:32Z","timestamp":1793402432674,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["annemergmed.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T04:18:53Z","timestamp":1561004333000},"page":"634-646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Risk Factors for Misuse of Prescribed Opioids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Amber","family":"Cragg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey P.","family":"Hau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie A.","family":"Kitchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary M.","family":"Doyle-Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9210-7838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinne M.","family":"Hohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib2","unstructured":"Schneider GS. Virginia declares opioid emergency, makes antidote available to all.\u00a0November 21, 2016. Available at: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/local\/virginia-politics\/virginia-declares-opioid-emergency-makes-antidote-available-to-all\/2016\/11\/21\/f9b4f348-b00e-11e6-be1c-8cec35b1ad25_story.html?utm_term=.59bdae5ed2c5. Accessed June 11, 2019."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib3","unstructured":"Dhillon S, Howlett K. B.C. declares public health emergency as overdoses surge again.\u00a02016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000431","article-title":"Geographic variations in prescription opioid dispensations and deaths among women and men in British Columbia, Canada","volume":"53","author":"Gladstone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/02024458-201504000-00002","article-title":"Rising fentanyl-related overdose deaths in British Columbia","volume":"6","author":"Jafari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Addict"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3901","article-title":"Prescription opioids, abuse and public health in Canada: is fentanyl the new centre of the opioid crisis?","volume":"24","author":"Fischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.160356","article-title":"Effective Canadian policy to reduce harms from prescription opioids: learning from past failures","volume":"188","author":"Fischer","year":"2016","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.366","article-title":"The changing face of heroin use in the United States: a retrospective analysis of the past 50 years","volume":"71","author":"Cicero","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib9","first-page":"287","article-title":"Prescription drug abuse: what is being done to address this new drug epidemic? testimony before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy and Human Resources","volume":"9","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E659","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.170363","article-title":"Guideline for opioid therapy and chronic noncancer pain","volume":"189","author":"Busse","year":"2017","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"3 suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib11","article-title":"Opioids for chronic pain: new evidence, new strategies, safe prescribing","volume":"126","author":"de Leon-Casasola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib12","article-title":"Acupuncture as a nonpharmacologic treatment for pain in a pediatric emergency department","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2007.00370.x","article-title":"What percentage of chronic nonmalignant pain patients exposed to chronic opioid analgesic therapy develop abuse\/addiction and\/or aberrant drug-related behaviors?","volume":"9","author":"Fishbain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31816b1070","article-title":"Predicting opioid misuse by chronic pain patients: a systematic review and literature synthesis","volume":"24","author":"Turk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-017-0642-0","article-title":"Risk factors for addiction among patients receiving prescribed opioids: a systematic review protocol","volume":"6","author":"Cragg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib16","first-page":"761","article-title":"Chronic pain and aberrant drug-related behavior in the emergency department","volume":"33","author":"Todd","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Law Med Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib17","series-title":"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10)","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib18","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) Group","volume":"283","author":"Stroup","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib20","first-page":"103","article-title":"Personalized medicine and opioid analgesic prescribing for chronic pain: opportunities and challenges","volume":"14","author":"Bruehl","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib21","series-title":"Methods for the Development of NICE Public Health Guidance, 3rd ed. London, United Kingdom: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib22","series-title":"How to GRADE the quality of the evidence","author":"Ryan","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib23","author":"Sch\u00fcnemann"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2005.10.006","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of the abuse liability of tramadol, NSAIDs, and hydrocodone in patients with chronic pain","volume":"31","author":"Adams","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2006.03.010","article-title":"Validation and clinical application of the Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients With Pain (SOAPP)","volume":"32","author":"Akbik","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1610524","article-title":"Opioid-prescribing patterns of emergency physicians and risk of long-term use","volume":"376","author":"Barnett","year":"2017","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12403","article-title":"Screening for current opioid\u00a0misuse and associated risk factors among patients with chronic nonalcoholic pancreatitis pain","volume":"15","author":"Barth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.03.016","article-title":"Persistent opioid use following cesarean delivery: patterns and predictors among opioid-na\u00efve women","volume":"215","author":"Bateman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.02.030","article-title":"Prescription opioid misuse among ED patients discharged with opioids","volume":"32","author":"Beaudoin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.03.010","article-title":"Prevalence and detection of prescription opioid misuse and prescription opioid use disorder among emergency department patients 50 years of age and older: performance of the Prescription Drug Use Questionnaire, Patient Version","volume":"24","author":"Beaudoin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2011.581961","article-title":"Prevalence of prescription opioid-use disorder among chronic pain patients: comparison of the DSM-5 vs DSM-4 diagnostic criteria","volume":"30","author":"Boscarino","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Addict Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib32","first-page":"66","article-title":"Cross-validation of a screener to predict opioid misuse in chronic pain patients (SOAPP-R)","volume":"3","author":"Butler","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Addict Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12773","article-title":"Pharmaceutical opioid use and dependence among people living with chronic pain: associations observed within the Pain and Opioids in Treatment (POINT) cohort","volume":"16","author":"Campbell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001690","article-title":"High-risk prescription opioid use among people living with HIV","volume":"78","author":"Canan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.2165\/11596600-000000000-00000","article-title":"Assessing opioid shopping behaviour: a large cohort study from a medication dispensing database in the US","volume":"35","author":"Cepeda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270012436561","article-title":"Opioid shopping behavior: how often, how soon, which drugs, and what payment method","volume":"53","author":"Cepeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib37","first-page":"1227","article-title":"Comparison of the risks of opioid abuse or dependence between tapentadol and oxycodone: results from a cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Cepeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000067","article-title":"Comparison of the risks of shopping behavior and opioid abuse between tapentadol and oxycodone and association of shopping behavior and opioid abuse","volume":"30","author":"Cepeda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199706000-00009","article-title":"Prescription opiate abuse in chronic pain patients: clinical criteria, incidence, and predictors","volume":"13","author":"Chabal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2007.0011","article-title":"Attributes and behaviors associated with opioid seeking in the emergency department","volume":"3","author":"Chan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Opioid Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2013.0174","article-title":"Aberrant behaviors in a primary care\u2013based cohort of patients with chronic pain identified as misusing prescription opioids","volume":"9","author":"Cheatle","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Opioid Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib42","first-page":"1291","article-title":"Codeine shopping behavior in a retrospective cohort of chronic noncancer pain patients: incidence and risk factors","volume":"17","author":"Chenaf","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.02.014","article-title":"A\u00a0tool to assess risk of de novo opioid abuse or dependence","volume":"129","author":"Ciesielski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.701","article-title":"Factors predicting development of opioid use disorders among individuals who receive an initial opioid prescription: mathematical modeling using a database of commercially-insured individuals","volume":"138","author":"Cochran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib45","first-page":"411","article-title":"Screening community pharmacy patients for risk of prescription opioid misuse","volume":"9","author":"Cochran","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Addict Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib46","first-page":"e136","article-title":"Screening patients for misuse of opioid pain medications in community pharmacies","volume":"56","author":"Cochran","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Pharm Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/01634372.2017.1327469","article-title":"Risk factors for symptoms of prescription opioid misuse: do older adults differ from younger adult patients?","volume":"60","author":"Cochran","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gerontol Soc Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(98)00110-9","article-title":"Screening for addiction in patients\u00a0with chronic pain and \u201cproblematic\u201d substance use: evaluation of a pilot assessment tool","volume":"16","author":"Compton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.003","article-title":"Injury, pain, and prescription opioid use among former National Football League (NFL) players","volume":"116","author":"Cottler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2018.0440","article-title":"Long-term opioid users with chronic noncancer pain: assessment of opioid abuse risk and relationship with healthcare resource use","volume":"14","author":"Coutinho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Opioid Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(13)62862-0","article-title":"Chronic narcotic use and misuse in inflammatory bowel disease: utilizing the prescription monitoring program in the outpatient setting","volume":"144","author":"Crocker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000194","article-title":"Narcotic use and misuse in Crohn's disease","volume":"20","author":"Crocker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31818096d1","article-title":"Prescription opioid dependence is associated with poorer outcomes in disabling spinal disorders","volume":"33","author":"Dersh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib54","first-page":"208","article-title":"Understanding predictors of opioid abuse: predictive model development and validation","volume":"6","author":"Dufour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Benefits"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.02.014","article-title":"Risk factors for clinically recognized opioid abuse and dependence among veterans using opioids for chronic non-cancer pain","volume":"129","author":"Edlund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.05.017","article-title":"Risks for opioid abuse and dependence among recipients of chronic opioid therapy: results from the TROUP study","volume":"112","author":"Edlund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000021","article-title":"The role of opioid prescription in incident opioid abuse and dependence among individuals with chronic noncancer pain: the role of opioid prescription","volume":"30","author":"Edlund","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib58","first-page":"294","article-title":"Problematic use of prescription opioids and medicinal cannabis among patients suffering from chronic pain","volume":"18","author":"Feingold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.07.033","article-title":"A\u00a0pharmacoepidemiological cohort study of subjects starting strong opioids for nonmalignant pain: a study from the Norwegian Prescription Database","volume":"154","author":"Fredheim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000741","article-title":"Misuse of opioids in orthopaedic postoperative patients","volume":"31","author":"Gangavalli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2016.06.160073","article-title":"Problem drug-related behavior and discontinuation of opioids following the introduction of an opioid management program","volume":"29","author":"Grande","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Board Fam Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1371","article-title":"Depression and prescription opioid misuse among chronic opioid therapy recipients with no history of substance abuse","volume":"10","author":"Grattan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib63","first-page":"979","article-title":"Factors associated with prescription opioid misuse in a cross-sectional cohort of patients with chronic non-cancer pain","volume":"10","author":"Hah","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib64","first-page":"1952","article-title":"Enhancing risk assessment in patients receiving chronic opioid analgesic therapy using natural language processing","volume":"18","author":"Haller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3496","article-title":"Increasing trends in schedule II opioid use and doctor shopping during 1999-2007 in California","volume":"23","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2010.04.006","article-title":"Classification and identification of opioid addiction in chronic pain patients","volume":"14","author":"H\u00f8jsted","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib67","first-page":"126","article-title":"Nonopioid substance use disorders and opioid dose predict therapeutic opioid addiction","volume":"16","author":"Huffman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib68","first-page":"380","article-title":"Automated prediction of risk for problem opioid use in a primary care setting","volume":"16","author":"Hylan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-6-46","article-title":"Predictors of opioid misuse in patients with chronic pain: a prospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Ives","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2013.0143","article-title":"Preliminary data on a new opioid risk assessment\u00a0measure: the Brief Risk Interview","volume":"9","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Opioid Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2014.0226","article-title":"Further validation of an opioid risk assessment tool: the Brief Risk Interview","volume":"10","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Opioid Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2015.0266","article-title":"Validation of a new risk assessment tool: the Brief Risk Questionnaire","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Opioid Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib73","first-page":"1032","article-title":"Further validation of an opioid risk assessment tool: the Brief Risk Questionnaire","volume":"3","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1542","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1542","article-title":"Evaluation and comparison of tools for diagnosing problematic prescription opioid use among chronic pain patients","volume":"26","author":"Kovatch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2012.10.002","article-title":"Early predictors of narcotics-dependent patients in the emergency department","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2014.0205","article-title":"Patient aberrant drug taking behaviors in a large family medicine residency program: a retrospective chart review of screening practices, incidence, and predictors","volume":"10","author":"Lewis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Opioid Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2013.07.079","article-title":"Pain, expectations of pain relief, and opioid misuse among emergency department patients","volume":"62","author":"Lopez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2001\/4\/358","article-title":"Prevalence of opioid abuse in interventional pain medicine practice settings: a randomized clinical evaluation","volume":"4","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib79","first-page":"806","article-title":"Distress intolerance and prescription opioid misuse among patients with chronic pain","volume":"17","author":"McHugh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.M.01114","article-title":"Narcotic use and postoperative doctor shopping in the orthopaedic trauma population","volume":"96","author":"Morris","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181e94240","article-title":"Risk factors associated with opioid medication misuse in community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib82","first-page":"116","article-title":"Aberrant drug-related behavior observed during clinical studies involving patients taking chronic opioid therapy for persistent pain and fentanyl buccal tablet for breakthrough pain","volume":"41","author":"Passik","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2007.00999.x","article-title":"Behavioral dependence in patients with medication overuse headache: a cross-sectional study in consulting patients using the DSM-IV criteria","volume":"48","author":"Radat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e150","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000000141","article-title":"Misuse of prescribed pain medication in a military population: a self-reported survey to assess a correlation with age, deployment, combat illnesses, or injury?","volume":"24","author":"Ramirez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2002.10435.x","article-title":"Use of opioid medications for chronic noncancer pain syndromes in primary care","volume":"17","author":"Reid","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01450.x","article-title":"A\u00a0model to identify patients at risk for prescription opioid abuse, dependence, and misuse","volume":"13","author":"Rice","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib87","first-page":"1130","article-title":"Rates and risk factors for opioid dependence and overdose after urological surgery","volume":"198","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.05.020","article-title":"Risks for possible and probable opioid misuse among recipients of chronic opioid therapy in commercial and Medicaid insurance plans: the TROUP study","volume":"150","author":"Sullivan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib89","first-page":"871","article-title":"Opioid analgesic-treated chronic pain patients at risk for problematic use","volume":"19","author":"Tkacz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.05.053","article-title":"Prevalence of prescription opioid use disorder among chronic opioid therapy patients after health plan opioid dose and risk reduction initiatives","volume":"46","author":"Von Korff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2005.00072.x","article-title":"Predicting aberrant behaviors in opioid-treated patients: preliminary validation of the Opioid Risk Tool","volume":"6","author":"Webster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2014.11.008","article-title":"Characteristics of emergency department \u201cdoctor shoppers.\u201d","volume":"48","author":"Weiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib93","first-page":"897","article-title":"Analytic models to identify patients at risk for prescription opioid abuse","volume":"15","author":"White","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib94","first-page":"177","article-title":"Usefulness of the Opioid Risk Tool to predict aberrant drug-related behavior in patients receiving opioids for the treatment of chronic pain","volume":"9","author":"Witkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Opioid Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib95","first-page":"215","article-title":"Controlled substance abuse and illicit drug use in chronic pain patients: an evaluation of multiple variables","volume":"9","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980430)17:8<841::AID-SIM781>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Detecting and describing heterogeneity in meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Hardy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002496","article-title":"Risk factors for opioid-use disorder and overdose","volume":"125","author":"Webster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"3 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib98","article-title":"Prescription opioid abuse in\u00a0chronic pain: a review of opioid abuse predictors and strategies\u00a0to\u00a0curb opioid abuse","volume":"15","author":"Sehgal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.10.005","article-title":"Transnational trends in prescription drug misuse among women: a systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Peteet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.027","article-title":"Age trends in rates of\u00a0substance use disorders across ages 18-90: differences by gender\u00a0and race\/ethnicity","volume":"180","author":"Vasilenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.06.018","article-title":"Gender and prescription opioids: findings from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health","volume":"35","author":"Back","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2011.521371","article-title":"Connecting to young adults: an online social network survey of beliefs and attitudes associated with prescription opioid misuse among college students","volume":"46","author":"Lord","year":"2011","journal-title":"Substance Use Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1644","article-title":"Adolescents' motivations to\u00a0abuse prescription medications","volume":"118","author":"Boyd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23963","article-title":"Sex differences, gender and addiction","volume":"95","author":"Becker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.09.009","article-title":"Desperately driven and no brakes: developmental stress exposure and subsequent risk for substance abuse","volume":"33","author":"Andersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-006-9062-y","article-title":"Genetic and environmental influences on stages of alcohol use across adolescence and into young adulthood","volume":"36","author":"Pagan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.027","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective study of nonmedical use of prescription opioids during adolescence and subsequent substance use disorder symptoms in early midlife","volume":"194","author":"McCabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714002165","article-title":"The heritability of alcohol use disorders: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies","volume":"45","author":"Verhulst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2010.06.004","article-title":"Motivations for non-medical prescription drug use: a mixed methods analysis","volume":"39","author":"Rigg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/21635781.2017.1343163","article-title":"Opioid use initiation, progression, and motivations among OEF\/OIF\/OND-era veterans in New York City: an age-period-cohort analysis","volume":"6","author":"Elliott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mil Behav Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2017.04.170112","article-title":"Prescription opioid use among adults with mental health disorders in the United States","volume":"30","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Board Fam Med"}],"container-title":["Annals of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196064419303427?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196064419303427?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T04:42:50Z","timestamp":1759293770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0196064419303427"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0196064419303427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-0644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-0644","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Risk Factors for Misuse of Prescribed Opioids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Annals of Emergency Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 by the American College of Emergency Physicians.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}