{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T14:43:40Z","timestamp":1794581020067,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PB PG 0215-36142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PB PG 0215-36142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["annemergmed.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,21]],"date-time":"2021-02-21T02:13:12Z","timestamp":1613873592000},"page":"631-640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The Use of Tranexamic Acid to Reduce the Need for Nasal Packing in Epistaxis (NoPAC): Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2832-6398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Reuben","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Appelboam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara N.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Vickery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Ewings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Ingram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison N.","family":"Jeffery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Body","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm","family":"Hilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Coppell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Wainman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Barton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2004.12.014","article-title":"Epidemiology of epistaxis in US emergency departments, 1992 to 2001","volume":"46","author":"Pallin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2273.1999.00311.x","article-title":"A\u00a0new bipolar diathermy probe for the outpatient management of adult acute epistaxis","volume":"24","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2007.01530.x","article-title":"The epidemiology and chronobiology of epistaxis: an investigation of Scottish hospital admissions 1995-2004","volume":"32","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1308\/003588412X13373405386691","article-title":"Patterns of hospital admission with epistaxis for 26,725 patients over an 18-year period in Wales, UK","volume":"94","author":"Fishpool","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1017\/S002221511700202X","article-title":"Epistaxis 2016: national audit of management","volume":"131","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6233","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.6.3.233","article-title":"Silver nitrate cautery and epistaxis","volume":"6","author":"Barr","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2004.025007","article-title":"Epistaxis: an update on current management","volume":"81","author":"Pope","year":"2005","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2004.10.002","article-title":"Comparison of nasal tampons for the treatment of epistaxis in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"45","author":"Singer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2273.2005.01019.x","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial comparing Merocel\u00ae and Rapid-Rhino\u00ae packing in the management of anterior epistaxis","volume":"30","author":"Badran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-006-0047-5","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective randomised controlled trial comparing Merocel and Rapid Rhino nasal tampons in the treatment of epistaxis","volume":"263","author":"Moumoulidis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100134218","article-title":"The use of Merocel nasal packs in the treatment of epistaxis","volume":"110","author":"Pringle","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2018.02.003","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of topical tranexamic acid: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Montroy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transfus Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e3054","article-title":"Effect of tranexamic acid on surgical bleeding: systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis","volume":"344","author":"Ker","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta17100","article-title":"The CRASH-2 trial: a randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of the effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events and transfusion requirement in bleeding trauma patients","volume":"17","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib15","first-page":"CD004328","article-title":"Tranexamic acid for patients with nasal haemorrhage (epistaxis)","author":"Joseph","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028018820625","article-title":"Topical tranexamic acid for the treatment of acute epistaxis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026882","article-title":"Novel Use of Tranexamic Acid to Reduce the Need for Nasal Packing in Epistaxis (NoPac) randomised controlled trial: research protocol","volume":"9","author":"Reuben","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.03.030","article-title":"Evaluating effectiveness of nasal compression with tranexamic acid compared with simple nasal compression and Merocel packing: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"74","author":"Akkan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2013.06.043","article-title":"A\u00a0new and rapid method for epistaxis treatment using injectable form of tranexamic acid topically: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Zahed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13345","article-title":"Topical tranexamic acid compared with anterior nasal packing for treatment of epistaxis in patients taking antiplatelet drugs: randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Zahed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c332","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c332","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"340","author":"Schulz","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a2390","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a2390","article-title":"Improving the reporting of pragmatic trials: an extension of the CONSORT statement","volume":"337","author":"Zwarenstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib24","unstructured":"StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. Published online\u00a02015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1159\/000276741","article-title":"Effect of local tranexamic acid gel in the treatment of epistaxis","volume":"57","author":"Tibbelin","year":"1995","journal-title":"ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec"}],"container-title":["Annals of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S019606442031461X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S019606442031461X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T04:44:55Z","timestamp":1759293895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S019606442031461X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S019606442031461X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-0644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-0644","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Use of Tranexamic Acid to Reduce the Need for Nasal Packing in Epistaxis (NoPAC): Randomized Controlled Trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Annals of Emergency Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.12.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 by the American College of Emergency Physicians.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}