{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T19:27:20Z","timestamp":1793906840477,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":187,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019246","name":"American Migraine Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012512","name":"Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012512","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012856","name":"Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016191","name":"Ontario Medical Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["annemergmed.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T08:15:04Z","timestamp":1689063304000},"page":"732-751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Managing and Preventing Migraine in the Emergency Department: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9209-9401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Cortel-LeBlanc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena L.","family":"Orr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maeghan","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achelle","family":"Cortel-LeBlanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib1","series-title":"Emergency Headache: Diagnosis and Management","article-title":"Epidemiology of Headache in the Emergency Department","author":"Orr","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000252808.97649.21","article-title":"Migraine prevalence, disease burden, and the need for preventive therapy","volume":"68","author":"Lipton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12074","article-title":"The prevalence, impact, and treatment of migraine and severe headaches in the United States: a review of statistics from national surveillance studies","volume":"53","author":"Smitherman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31817f9e80","article-title":"Physical and mental comorbidity of headache in a nationally representative sample of US adults","volume":"70","author":"Kalaydjian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01208-0","article-title":"Migraine remains second among the world\u2019s causes of disability and first among young women: findings from GBD2019","volume":"21","author":"Steiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Headache Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30322-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of migraine and tension-type headache, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"17","author":"Stovner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13301","article-title":"Migraine burden of disease: from the patient\u2019s experience to a socio-economic view","volume":"58","author":"Agosti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2001.041007646.x","article-title":"Prevalence and burden of migraine in the United States: data from the American migraine study II","volume":"41","author":"Lipton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib9","series-title":"Emergency Headache","first-page":"65","article-title":"The Migraine Patient in the Emergency Department","author":"Orr","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3583","article-title":"The relationship between chronic conditions and absenteeism and associated costs in Canada","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2018.1516205","article-title":"Treating status migrainosus in the emergency setting: what is the best strategy?","volume":"19","author":"V\u00e9csei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001256","article-title":"Ineffective acute treatment of episodic migraine is associated with new-onset chronic migraine","volume":"84","author":"Lipton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01819.x","article-title":"The acute treatment of episodic and chronic migraine in the USA","volume":"29","author":"Bigal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz405","article-title":"Mapping migraine to a common brain network","volume":"143","author":"Burke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib15","first-page":"586","article-title":"Pathophysiology of migraine","volume":"27","author":"Robbins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2019.03.013","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide in migraine: from pathophysiology to treatment","volume":"37","author":"Santos-Lasaosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172767","article-title":"Pathophysiology and therapy of associated features of migraine","volume":"11","author":"Villar-Martinez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006697","article-title":"Red and orange flags for secondary headaches in clinical practice: SNNOOP10 list","volume":"92","author":"Do","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2008.01127.x","article-title":"Favorable response to analgesics does not predict a benign etiology of headache","volume":"48","author":"Pope","year":"2008","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12866","article-title":"Treatment of cluster headache: the American headache society evidence-based guidelines","volume":"56","author":"Robbins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(92)90177-5","article-title":"Headache and the greater occipital nerve","volume":"94","author":"Anthony","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.01.016","article-title":"Greater occipital nerve injection in primary headache syndromes--prolonged effects from a single injection","volume":"122","author":"Afridi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000001023","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of landmark-guided greater occipital nerve (GON) block at the superior nuchal line versus ultrasound-guided GON block at the level of C2: a randomized clinical trial (RCT)","volume":"38","author":"Kissoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2006.11.004","article-title":"Applying the international classification of headache disorders to the emergency department: an assessment of reproducibility and the frequency with which a unique diagnosis can be assigned to every acute headache presentation","volume":"49","author":"Friedman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202","article-title":"The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition copyright","volume":"38","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416657147","article-title":"Clinical features of migraine aura: results from a prospective diary-aided study","volume":"37","author":"Viana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3868","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz338","article-title":"Migraine with brainstem aura: defining the core syndrome","volume":"142","author":"Yamani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2004.00788.x","article-title":"Sporadic hemiplegic migraine","volume":"24","author":"Thomsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf132","article-title":"A\u00a0population-based study of familial hemiplegic migraine suggests revised diagnostic criteria","volume":"125","author":"Thomsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vision5030038","article-title":"Current perspective on retinal migraine","volume":"5","author":"Chong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0000000000000550","article-title":"The frequency, characteristics and aetiology of stroke mimic presentations: a narrative review","volume":"26","author":"McClelland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.06.040","article-title":"Migraine history: a predictor of negative diffusion-weighted imaging in IV-tPA-treated stroke mimics","volume":"28","author":"Lima","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2021.09.025","article-title":"Ischemic stroke mimics: a comprehensive review","volume":"93","author":"Pohl","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14243","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and perfusion-computed tomography alterations in a series of patients with migraine with aura attended as stroke code","volume":"61","author":"Gonzalez-Martinez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macias-G\u00f3mez A, Su\u00e1rez-P\u00e9rez A, Rodr\u00edguez-Campello A, et\u00a0al. Factors associated with migraine aura mimicking stroke in code stroke. Neurol Sci. Published online 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10072-023-06641-Y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-06641-y"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1007\/s43678-021-00181-0","article-title":"Predictors of neurologists confirming or overturning emergency physicians\u2019 diagnosis of TIA or stroke","volume":"23","author":"Cortel-LeBlanc","year":"2021","journal-title":"CJEM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e732","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011212","article-title":"Sex differences in diagnosis and diagnostic revision of suspected minor cerebral ischemic events","volume":"96","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.543116","article-title":"Do presenting symptoms explain sex differences in emergency department delays among patients with acute stroke?","volume":"40","author":"Gargano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.543371","article-title":"Gender differences in presenting and prodromal stroke symptoms","volume":"40","author":"Stuart-Shor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.1305","article-title":"Sex differences in presentation and outcome after an acute transient or minor neurologic event","volume":"76","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.669929","article-title":"Stroke risk after posterior circulation stroke\/transient ischemic attack and its relationship to site of vertebrobasilar stenosis: Pooled data analysis from prospective studies","volume":"44","author":"Gulli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12233","article-title":"Choosing wisely in headache medicine: the American headache society\u2019s list of five things physicians and patients should question","volume":"53","author":"Loder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2022.02.003","article-title":"Vestibular migraine","volume":"55","author":"Krishnan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000237539.09942.06","article-title":"Migrainous vertigo: prevalence and impact on quality of life","volume":"67","author":"Neuhauser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70107-8","article-title":"Vestibular migraine: clinical aspects and pathophysiology","volume":"12","author":"Furman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib46","first-page":"CD015187","article-title":"Pharmacological interventions for acute attacks of vestibular migraine","volume":"2023","author":"Webster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(91)90147-2","article-title":"Epidemiology of headache in a general population--a prevalence study","volume":"44","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000637","article-title":"Cranial neuralgias","volume":"24","author":"Tepper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02451-x","article-title":"The burden of medication overuse headache and patterns of switching and discontinuation among triptan users: a systematic literature review","volume":"21","author":"Deighton","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30146-2","article-title":"Pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of medication overuse headache","volume":"18","author":"Diener","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102415593088","article-title":"Treatment of medication-overuse headache: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Chiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.124","article-title":"Medication-overuse headache: risk factors, pathophysiology and management","volume":"12","author":"Diener","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201477","article-title":"Status migrainosus: one of the most poorly understood but important complications of migraine","volume":"100","author":"Orr","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib54","first-page":"269","article-title":"Risk and predisposing factors for suicide attempts in patients with migraine and status migrainosus: a nationwide population-based study","volume":"7","author":"Harnod","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e255","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201382","article-title":"Incidence of status migrainosus in Olmsted County, Minnesota, United States","volume":"100","author":"VanderPluym","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b3914","article-title":"Migraine and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"339","author":"Sch\u00fcrks","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i6635","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i6635","article-title":"Migraine and risk of perioperative ischemic stroke and hospital readmission: hospital based registry study","volume":"356","author":"Timm","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.12.019","article-title":"Use of combined hormonal contraceptives among women with migraines and risk of ischemic stroke","volume":"216","author":"Champaloux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13796","article-title":"Migraine and ischemic stroke in women. a narrative review","volume":"60","author":"Tietjen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-318254","article-title":"Review: migraine and risk of stroke","volume":"91","author":"\u00d8ie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib61","first-page":"257","article-title":"Stroke and migraine in the Oxfordshire community stroke project","volume":"233","author":"Henrich","year":"1986","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1159\/000069411","article-title":"migraine history and migraine-induced stroke in the dijon stroke registry","volume":"18","author":"Sochurkova","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4322\/acr.2017.018","article-title":"Migrainous infarction: a rare and often overlooked diagnosis","volume":"7","author":"Kreling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autops Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2003.00534.x","article-title":"Migrainous cerebral infarction in the Sagrat Cor Hospital of Barcelona stroke registry","volume":"23","author":"Arboix","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmud R, Sina H. Presentation, Etiology, outcome, and differentiation of visual semiology of adult occipital epilepsy from visual aura of migraine headache: a prospective study in a tertiary care center in Bangladesh. Cureus. Published online April 16, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.24186","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.24186"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Canadian headache society systematic review and recommendations on the treatment of migraine pain in emergency settings","volume":"0","author":"Orr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12499","article-title":"The acute treatment of migraine in adults: the American headache society evidence assessment of migraine pharmacotherapies","volume":"55","author":"Marmura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000956","article-title":"Acute migraine treatment","volume":"27","author":"Ailani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100118943","article-title":"Canadian headache society guideline: acute drug therapy for migraine headache","volume":"40","author":"Worthington","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12835","article-title":"Management of adults with acute migraine in the emergency department: the American headache society evidence assessment of parenteral pharmacotherapies","volume":"56","author":"Orr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.12.080","article-title":"Intravenous fluids for migraine: a post hoc analysis of clinical trial data","volume":"34","author":"Balbin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.05.034","article-title":"Association of drinking water and migraine headache severity","volume":"77","author":"Khorsha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2021.106899","article-title":"Worsening of migraine headache with fasting Ramadan","volume":"209","author":"Al-Hashel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14457","article-title":"Efficacy of ketorolac in the treatment of acute migraine attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Nurathirah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411433042","article-title":"Early dosing and efficacy of triptans in acute migraine treatment: the TEMPO study","volume":"32","author":"Lant\u00e9ri-Minet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2005.00999.x","article-title":"Subcutaneous sumatriptan provides symptomatic relief at any pain intensity or time during the migraine attack","volume":"26","author":"Linde","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.5144","article-title":"Association of coprescription of triptan antimigraine drugs and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antidepressants with serotonin syndrome","volume":"75","author":"Orlova","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1L260","article-title":"Serotonin syndrome risks when combining SSRI\/SNRI drugs and triptans: is the FDA\u2019s alert warranted?","volume":"42","author":"Wenzel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2009.01575.x","article-title":"Triptans, serotonin agonists, and serotonin syndrome (serotonin toxicity): a review","volume":"50","author":"Gillman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410120051007","article-title":"The prevalence of metoclopramide-induced tardive dyskinesia and acute extrapyramidal movement disorders","volume":"153","author":"Ganzini","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2004.014712","article-title":"Rate of metoclopramide infusion affects the severity and incidence of akathisia","volume":"22","author":"Parlak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2010.11.023","article-title":"Metoclopramide for acute migraine: a dose-finding randomized clinical trial","volume":"57","author":"Friedman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2007.09.027","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized controlled trial of prochlorperazine versus metoclopramide for treatment of acute migraine","volume":"52","author":"Friedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2001.113032","article-title":"Diphenhydramine for the prevention of akathisia induced by prochlorperazine: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Vinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(99)80048-1","article-title":"Prochlorperazine induces akathisia in emergency patients","volume":"34","author":"Drotts","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2008.03.044","article-title":"Slower infusion of metoclopramide decreases the rate of akathisia","volume":"27","author":"Regan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.023","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized controlled trial of intravenous haloperidol vs. intravenous metoclopramide for acute migraine therapy in the emergency department","volume":"49","author":"Gaffigan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.7939","article-title":"Acute treatments for episodic migraine in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"325","author":"Vanderpluym","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/54.21.2461","article-title":"Management of acute extrapyramidal effects induced by antipsychotic drugs","volume":"54","author":"Holloman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib90","first-page":"715","article-title":"Midazolam vs. Diphenhydramine for the treatment of metoclopramide-induced akathisia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Parlak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2003.11.011","article-title":"Diphenhydramine in the treatment of akathisia induced by prochlorperazine","volume":"26","author":"Vinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1996.00550020092020","article-title":"A\u00a0double-blind study of subcutaneous dihydroergotamine vs subcutaneous sumatriptan in\u00a0the treatment of acute migraine","volume":"53","author":"Winner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib93","first-page":"44","article-title":"[Treatment of acute migraine attacks]","volume":"52","author":"Jovici\u0107","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vojnosanit Pregl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2001.111006171.x","article-title":"Efficacy of intravenous magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute migraine attacks","volume":"41","author":"Demirkaya","year":"2001","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib95","first-page":"E97","article-title":"Effects of intravenous and oral magnesium on reducing migraine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"19","author":"Chiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2004.00840.x","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized prospective placebo-controlled study of intravenous magnesium sulphate vs. metoclopramide in the management of acute migraine attacks in the emergency department","volume":"25","author":"Cete","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2014.06.055","article-title":"Comparison of therapeutic effects of magnesium sulfate vs. dexamethasone\/metoclopramide on alleviating acute migraine headache","volume":"48","author":"Shahrami","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2002.00364.x","article-title":"Intravenous magnesium sulphate in the acute treatment of migraine without aura and migraine with aura. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"22","author":"Bigal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13325","article-title":"Intravenous sodium valproate for acute migraine in the emergency department: a meta-analysis","volume":"142","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2021.195","article-title":"Sodium valproate versus dopamine antagonists for acute migraine in the emergency department: a systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Viau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2019.1618830","article-title":"Gepants for the treatment of migraine","volume":"28","author":"Negro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2222","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006641","article-title":"Lasmiditan is an effective acute treatment for migraine: a phase 3 randomized study","volume":"91","author":"Kuca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31606-X","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of rimegepant orally disintegrating tablet for the acute treatment of migraine: a randomised, phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"394","author":"Croop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13682","article-title":"Long-term safety evaluation of ubrogepant for the acute treatment of migraine: phase 3, randomized, 52-week extension trial","volume":"60","author":"Ailani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib105","first-page":"94","article-title":"An optional second dose of ubrogepant is effective in achieving 2-hour pain freedom in the acute treatment of migraine (166)","author":"Ailani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1811090","article-title":"Rimegepant, an oral calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist, for migraine","volume":"381","author":"Lipton","year":"2019","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.16711","article-title":"Effect of ubrogepant vs placebo on pain and the most bothersome associated symptom in the acute treatment of migraine: the ACHIEVE II randomized clinical trial","volume":"322","author":"Lipton","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1813049","article-title":"Ubrogepant for the treatment of migraine","volume":"381","author":"Dodick","year":"2019","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.28544","article-title":"Comparison of new pharmacologic agents with triptans for treatment of migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420938652","article-title":"Ubrogepant does not induce latent sensitization in a preclinical model of medication overuse headache","volume":"40","author":"Navratilova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib111","unstructured":"AbbVie Corporation. UBRELVY \u00ae (Ubrogepant): Product Monograph;\u00a02022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00517-8","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of zavegepant 10 mg nasal spray for the acute treatment of migraine in the USA: a phase 3, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled multicentre trial","volume":"22","author":"Lipton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25831","article-title":"Anti-migraine calcitonin gene\u2013related peptide receptor antagonists worsen cerebral ischemic outcome in mice","volume":"88","author":"Mulder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024211000311","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of ubrogepant in participants with major cardiovascular risk factors in two single-attack phase 3 randomized trials: ACHIEVE I and II","volume":"41","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-1044-6","article-title":"Lasmiditan for acute treatment of migraine in patients with cardiovascular risk factors: post-hoc analysis of pooled results from 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials","volume":"20","author":"Shapiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Headache Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14293","article-title":"Current practice for primary headache disorders and perspectives on peripheral nerve blocks among emergency physicians in Canada: a national survey","volume":"62","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2021.08.007","article-title":"Effectiveness of peripheral nerve blocks for the treatment of primary headache disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14385","article-title":"Narrative review of peripheral nerve blocks for the management of headache","volume":"62","author":"Stern","year":"2022","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13961","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized, double-dummy, emergency department-based study of greater occipital nerve block with bupivacaine versus intravenous metoclopramide for treatment of migraine","volume":"60","author":"Friedman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2014.12.012","article-title":"Noninvasive sphenopalatine ganglion block for acute headache in the emergency department: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"65","author":"Schaffer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12053","article-title":"Expert consensus recommendations for the performance of peripheral nerve blocks for headaches \u2013 a narrative review","volume":"53","author":"Blumenfeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.03.001","article-title":"Nerve blocks in the treatment of headache","volume":"7","author":"Levin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12729","article-title":"The sphenopalatine ganglion: anatomy, pathophysiology, and therapeutic targeting in headache","volume":"56","author":"Robbins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2011.00507.x","article-title":"The pterygopalatine ganglion and its role in various pain syndromes: from anatomy to clinical practice","volume":"12","author":"Piagkou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-017-0626-8","article-title":"Sphenopalatine ganglion block in the management of chronic headaches","volume":"21","author":"Mojica","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E769","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2013\/16\/E769","article-title":"A\u00a0novel revision to the classical transnasal topical sphenopalatine ganglion block for the treatment of headache and facial pain","volume":"16","author":"Candido","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib128","first-page":"21","article-title":"Sphenopalatine ganglion block in the management of chronic headaches","author":"Maizels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2000.00077.x","article-title":"Intranasal lidocaine for migraine using a metered-dose spray","volume":"40","author":"Buckley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib130","article-title":"Occipital Nerve Blocks","volume":"Vol 38","author":"Mays","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab236","article-title":"Percutaneous interventional strategies for migraine prevention: a systematic review and practice guideline","volume":"23","author":"Barad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-020-00909-0","article-title":"Interventional procedures in episodic migraine","volume":"24","author":"Plato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib133","first-page":"1778","article-title":"Supraorbital and infraorbital nerve blockade in migraine patients: results of 6-month clinical follow-up","volume":"17","author":"Ilhan Alp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1532403","article-title":"Greater occipital and supraorbital nerve blockade for the preventive treatment of migraine: a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"35","author":"\u00d6zer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2021.106821","article-title":"Comparison of greater occipital nerve and supra orbital nerve blocks methods in the treatment of acute migraine attack: a randomized double-blind controlled trial","volume":"207","author":"Hokenek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.07.009","article-title":"Clinical policy: critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with acute headache","volume":"74","author":"Wolf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e457","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009324","article-title":"Characterizing opioid use in a US population with migraine","volume":"95","author":"Lipton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000113747.18760.D2","article-title":"Incidence and predictors for chronicity of headache in patients with episodic migraine","volume":"62","author":"Katsarava","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2008.01217.x","article-title":"Acute migraine medications and evolution from episodic to chronic migraine: a longitudinal population-based study","volume":"48","author":"Bigal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.01.013","article-title":"Excessive opioid use and the development of chronic migraine","volume":"142","author":"Bigal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2001.01189.x","article-title":"Butalbital in the treatment of headache: history, pharmacology, and efficacy","volume":"41","author":"Silberstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.22.12.1029.33595","article-title":"Do butalbital-containing products have a role in the management of migraine?","volume":"22","author":"Wenzel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828aab14","article-title":"The American academy of neurology\u2019s top five choosing wisely recommendations","volume":"81","author":"Langer-Gould","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.13659","article-title":"Comparing propofol with placebo for early resolution of acute migraine in adult emergency department patients: a double-blind randomised controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Meek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Med Australas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.13542","article-title":"Propofol for migraine in the emergency department: a pilot randomised controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Mitra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Med Australas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1865-1380-5-19","article-title":"Improvement of refractory migraine headache by propofol: case series","volume":"5","author":"Soleimanpour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12230","article-title":"The efficacy of propofol vs. subcutaneous sumatriptan for treatment of acute migraine headaches in the emergency department: a double-blinded clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Moshtaghion","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14239","article-title":"Second-line interventions for migraine in the emergency department: a narrative review","volume":"61","author":"Kazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13870","article-title":"Propofol for treatment of acute migraine in the emergency department: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Piatka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2018.12.007","article-title":"The THINK (Treatment of Headache with Intranasal Ketamine) trial: a randomized controlled trial comparing intranasal ketamine with intravenous metoclopramide","volume":"56","author":"Benish","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib151","first-page":"181","article-title":"Exploration of NMDA receptors in migraine: therapeutic and theoretic implications","volume":"15","author":"Nicolodi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2018.8.37875","article-title":"Low-dose ketamine does not improve migraine in the emergency department: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Etchison","year":"2018","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182824e66","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized controlled trial of intranasal ketamine in migraine with prolonged aura","volume":"80","author":"Afridi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-021-00303-0","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy of intranasal ketamine versus intravenous ketorolac on acute non-traumatic headaches: a randomized double-blind clinical trial","volume":"18","author":"Sarvari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Head Face Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2017.08.063","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of headache treatment in the emergency department: prochlorperazine versus ketamine","volume":"71","author":"Zitek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.17245\/jdapm.2021.21.5.413","article-title":"Efficacy of ketamine in the treatment of migraines and other unspecified primary headache disorders compared to placebo and other interventions: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Chah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dent Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1991.1106245.x","article-title":"Is intravenous lidocaine clinically effective in acute migraine?","volume":"11","author":"Reutens","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-021-03219-5","article-title":"Intravenous lidocaine vs. NSAIDs for migraine attack in the ED: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study","volume":"78","author":"Gur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib159","series-title":"Emergency Headache","first-page":"125","article-title":"Approach to pregnant or lactating patients with headache in the emergency department","author":"Lucas","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000642","article-title":"Headache in pregnancy","volume":"24","author":"Robbins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14041","article-title":"Management of primary headaches during pregnancy, postpartum, and breastfeeding: a systematic review","volume":"61","author":"Saldanha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000555","article-title":"Peripheral nerve blocks in the treatment of migraine in pregnancy","volume":"124","author":"Govindappagari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000001010","article-title":"Headache in women","volume":"27","author":"Pavlovi\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000655","article-title":"Co-morbid chronic pain and opioid misuse in youth: Knowns, unknowns, and implications for behavioral treatment","volume":"75","author":"Pielech","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib165","first-page":"4521","article-title":"Opioid use and misuse in children, adolescents, and young adults with cancer: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"29","author":"Beauchemin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-021-01128-9","article-title":"Approach to pediatric intractable migraine","volume":"21","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-017-0650-8","article-title":"Nerve blocks in pediatric and adolescent headache disorders","volume":"21","author":"Dubrovsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12746","article-title":"Acute treatment therapies for pediatric migraine: a qualitative systematic review","volume":"56","author":"Patniyot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12253","article-title":"Pediatric migraine: abortive management in the emergency department","volume":"54","author":"Sheridan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2323","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011822","article-title":"Randomized study of metoclopramide plus diphenhydramine for acute posttraumatic headache","volume":"96","author":"Friedman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39566.806725.BE","article-title":"Parenteral dexamethasone for acute severe migraine headache: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials for preventing recurrence","volume":"336","author":"Colman","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12155","article-title":"Steroids for preventing recurrence of acute severe migraine headaches: a meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2008.00283.x","article-title":"Does the addition of dexamethasone to standard therapy for acute migraine headache decrease the incidence of recurrent headache for patients treated in the emergency department? A meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102414566200","article-title":"The place of corticosteroids in migraine attack management: a 65-year systematic review with pooled analysis and critical appraisal","volume":"35","author":"Woldeamanuel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2012.05.2554","article-title":"Role of dexamethasone in the prevention of migraine recurrence in the acute care setting: a review","volume":"124","author":"Giuliano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2003.03040.x","article-title":"Migraine preventive medication reduces resource utilization","volume":"43","author":"Silberstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-013-2433-1","article-title":"Preventive pharmacologic treatments for episodic migraine in adults","volume":"28","author":"Shamliyan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100015109","article-title":"Canadian headache society guideline for migraine prophylaxis: supplement 2","volume":"39","author":"Pringsheim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102415590239","article-title":"Diet and nutraceutical interventions for headache management: a review of the evidence","volume":"36","author":"Orr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2012.02185.x","article-title":"The 2012 AHS\/AAN guidelines for prevention of episodic migraine: a summary and comparison with other recent clinical practice guidelines","volume":"52","author":"Loder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000635","article-title":"Preventive therapy of migraine","volume":"24","author":"Schwedt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib182","first-page":"613","article-title":"Preventive migraine treatment","volume":"27","author":"Robbins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2007.00959.x","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of intravenous dexamethasone to prevent relapse in acute migraine headache","volume":"48","author":"Rowe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib184","series-title":"Emergency Headache","first-page":"149","article-title":"Davenport WmJ. Preventing emergency department visits in primary headache patients and prevention of bounce-backs to the emergency department","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2009.00587.x","article-title":"Standardizing ED-based migraine clinical research: a data-driven analysis of commonly-used trial outcome measures","volume":"17","author":"Friedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-016-0662-5","article-title":"Caffeine discontinuation improves acute migraine treatment: a prospective clinic-based study","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Headache Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7030030","article-title":"The role of adenosine signaling in headache: a review","volume":"7","author":"Fried","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-016-0702-1","article-title":"Headaches: a review of the role of dietary factors","volume":"16","author":"Zaeem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"}],"container-title":["Annals of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196064423004201?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196064423004201?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T04:50:02Z","timestamp":1759294202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0196064423004201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"references-count":187,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0196064423004201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-0644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-0644","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Managing and Preventing Migraine in the Emergency Department: A Review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Annals of Emergency Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.05.024","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 by the American College of Emergency Physicians.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}