{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T09:12:46Z","timestamp":1762161166270,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"NICHD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21-050264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21-050264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008392","name":"Danish Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["271-07-0338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["271-07-0338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32HD052458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HD052458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,14]],"date-time":"2015-09-14T14:13:03Z","timestamp":1442239983000},"page":"936-941.e1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["History of oral contraceptive use and risk of spontaneous abortion"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Kristen A.","family":"Hahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth E.","family":"Hatch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth J.","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen M.","family":"Mikkelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan B.","family":"Brogly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik T.","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anders H.","family":"Riis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren A.","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1093\/HUMREP\/10.6.1397","article-title":"Pregnancy and lifestyle study: the long-term use of the contraceptive pill and the risk of age-related miscarriage","volume":"10","author":"Ford","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199407000-00008","article-title":"Previous use of oral contraceptives and spontaneous abortion","volume":"5","author":"Sackoff","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/9.1.49","article-title":"Spontaneous foetal losses in women using different contraceptives around the time of conception","volume":"9","author":"Harlap","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197709012970903","article-title":"Fetal loss, twinning and birth weight after oral-contraceptive use","volume":"297","author":"Rothman","year":"1977","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1979.tb10808.x","article-title":"Outcome of pregnancy in women using different methods of contraception","volume":"86","author":"Vessey","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114982","article-title":"Risk factors for spontaneous abortion and its recurrence","volume":"128","author":"Risch","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2008.00942.x","article-title":"Maternal use of oral contraceptives and risk of fetal death","volume":"22","author":"Jellesen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01426.x","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective longitudinal population-based study of clinical miscarriage in an urban Swedish population","volume":"115","author":"Blohm","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.11.085","article-title":"Long-term use of oral contraceptives increases the risk of miscarriage","volume":"83","author":"Garcia-Enguidanos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.09.007","article-title":"Serum anti-mullerian hormone level is not altered in women using hormonal contraceptives","volume":"83","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2001","article-title":"Characteristics of the menstrual cycle after discontinuation of oral contraceptives","volume":"20","author":"Nassaralla","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(78)90494-5","article-title":"Hormonal profile as a prognostic index of early threatened abortion","volume":"130","author":"Jovanovic","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.1.18","article-title":"Endocrine abnormalities during the follicular phase in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion","volume":"14","author":"Bussen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"8724","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92765-A","article-title":"Hypersecretion of luteinising hormone, infertility, and miscarriage","volume":"336","author":"Regan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-11-15","article-title":"A\u00a0cross-sectional study of different patterns of oral contraceptive use among premenopausal women and circulating IGF-1: implications for disease risk","volume":"11","author":"Blackmore","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Women's Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib16","first-page":"47","article-title":"Circulating levels of sex hormones and their relation to risk factors for breast cancer: a cross-sectional study in 1092 pre- and postmenopausal women (United Kingdom)","volume":"12","author":"Verkasalo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of contraception in the United States: 1982-2008","volume":"29","author":"Mosher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 23"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9431-y","article-title":"A\u00a0successful implementation of e-epidemiology: the Danish pregnancy planning study 'Snart-Gravid'","volume":"25","author":"Huybrechts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn191","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Danish Web-based Pregnancy Planning Study\u2013\u2018Snart-Gravid\u2019","volume":"38","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31818f2e96","article-title":"Randomized trial of questionnaire length","volume":"20","author":"Rothman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(96)00018-2","article-title":"Validation of the Danish Birth Registration","volume":"49","author":"Kristensen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S13815","article-title":"Validation of spontaneous abortion diagnoses in the Danish National Registry of Patients","volume":"2","author":"Lohse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det023","article-title":"Pre-gravid oral contraceptive use and time to pregnancy: a Danish prospective cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.11.052","article-title":"Fertility after discontinuation of treatment with an oral contraceptive containing 30 microg of ethinyl estradiol and 2 mg of dienogest","volume":"85","author":"Wiegratz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2012.01416.x","article-title":"Oral contraception in Denmark 1998-2010","volume":"91","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199301000-00012","article-title":"A\u00a0simultaneous evaluation of 10 commonly used physical activity questionnaires","volume":"25","author":"Jacobs","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws127","article-title":"\u201cToward a clearer definition of confounding\u201d revisited with directed acyclic graphs","volume":"176","author":"Howards","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116591","article-title":"Toward a clearer definition of confounding","volume":"137","author":"Weinberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780080504","article-title":"Flexible regression models with cubic splines","volume":"8","author":"Durrleman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31815c09b9","article-title":"Caffeine and miscarriage risk","volume":"19","author":"Savitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib31","series-title":"Spontaneous and recurrent abortion","first-page":"29","article-title":"Epidemiology of chromosomal anomalies in spontaneous abortion: prevalence, manifestation and determinants","author":"Klein","year":"1987"},{"issue":"9-10","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.689","article-title":"Multiple imputation in public health research","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr130","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective cohort study of menstrual characteristics and time to pregnancy","volume":"174","author":"Wise","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.6.1033","article-title":"Oral contraceptive use: interview data versus pharmacy records","volume":"27","author":"Norell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk027","article-title":"Conditions for bias from differential left truncation","volume":"165","author":"Howards","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib36","series-title":"Modern epidemiology","first-page":"758","author":"Rothman","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.2.299","article-title":"Onset of natural menopause in African American women","volume":"93","author":"Palmer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.9.865","article-title":"Factors associated with age at natural menopause in a multiethnic sample of midlife women","volume":"153","author":"Gold","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws421","article-title":"Factors related to age at natural menopause: longitudinal analyses from SWAN","volume":"178","author":"Gold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072546","article-title":"Epidemiology of the menopause","volume":"48","author":"Khaw","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(96)02655-0","article-title":"Age of natural menopause among women in Mexico City","volume":"53","author":"Garrido-Latorre","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90113-5","article-title":"Factors influencing the age at natural menopause","volume":"40","author":"Stanford","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Chronic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932000024299","article-title":"Factors affecting the age at menopause","volume":"6","author":"van Keep","year":"1979","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biosoc Sci Suppl"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2009.10.004","article-title":"Antimullerian hormone and obesity: insights in oral contraceptive users","volume":"81","author":"Steiner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2007.01.012","article-title":"Anti-Mullerian hormone levels during hormonal contraception in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Somunkiran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"}],"container-title":["Annals of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S104727971500383X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S104727971500383X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T02:18:53Z","timestamp":1760926733000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S104727971500383X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S104727971500383X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-2797"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1047-2797"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"History of oral contraceptive use and risk of spontaneous abortion","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Annals of Epidemiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.09.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}