{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T05:23:06Z","timestamp":1768281786213,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201600002 C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201600002 C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201600003 C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201600003 C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201600018 C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201600018 C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201600001 C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201600001 C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201600004 C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201600004 C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005492","name":"Stanford University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5T32HL007034-39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32HL007034-39"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T21:25:21Z","timestamp":1597440321000},"page":"7-13.e2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Do health behaviors mediate associations between personality traits and diabetes incidence?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8901-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juhua","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilary","family":"Tindle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9693-0522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aladdin H.","family":"Shadyab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2819-2839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazmus","family":"Saquib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Hale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9976-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sparkle","family":"Springfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Buyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9914-7851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rami","family":"Nassir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Snetselaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hendryx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"Supple 1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib1","article-title":"Global prevalence of Type 2 diabetes over the next ten years (2018-2028)","volume":"67","author":"Kaiser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib2","series-title":"National Diabetes Statistics Report. Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States: National Diabetes Statistics 2017","year":"2017"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0985","article-title":"Depression and type 2 diabetes over the lifespan: a meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Mezuk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0159-x","article-title":"Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Knol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1945","article-title":"The prospective contribution of hostility characteristics to high fasting glucose levels: the moderating role of marital status","volume":"31","author":"Shen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.25.4.484","article-title":"Sex differences in the relation of depressive symptoms, hostility, and anger expression to indices of glucose metabolism in nondiabetic adults","volume":"25","author":"Suarez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000228343.89466.11","article-title":"Hostility and urine norepinephrine interact to predict insulin resistance: the VA Normative Aging Study","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181fd944c","article-title":"Ethnic and Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Hostility and Metabolic and Autonomic Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease","volume":"73","author":"Williams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.06.007","article-title":"Trait anger but not anxiety predicts incident type 2 diabetes: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"60","author":"Abraham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2005.08.008","article-title":"Anger temperament is modestly associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: The atheroslcerosis risk in communities study","volume":"31","author":"Golden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001296","article-title":"Personality traits and diabetes incidence among postmenopausal women","volume":"26","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-016-0771-4","article-title":"Psychosocial Factors in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"18","author":"Hackett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib14","first-page":"512","article-title":"Optimism, pessimism, cynical hostility, and biomarkers of metabolic function in the Women's Health Initiative","volume":"10","author":"Tindle","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib15","first-page":"1747","article-title":"Positive affect and psychobiological processes relevant to health","volume":"77","author":"Steptoe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pers"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027448","article-title":"The Heart's Content: The Association Between Positive Psychological Well-Being and Cardiovascular Health","volume":"138","author":"Boehm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2013.12.018","article-title":"Optimism and diet quality in the Women's Health Initiative","volume":"114","author":"Hingle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2017.10.008","article-title":"Optimism predicts sustained vigorous physical activity in postmenopausal women","volume":"8","author":"Progovac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031034","article-title":"Mediation analysis allowing for exposure-mediator interactions and causal interpretation: theoretical assumptions and implementation with SAS and SPSS macros","volume":"18","author":"Valeri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(97)00078-0","article-title":"Design of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study. The Women's Health Initiative Study Group","volume":"19","year":"1998","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"issue":"9 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(03)00042-5","article-title":"The Women's Health Initiative recruitment methods and results","volume":"13","author":"Hays","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774508091749","article-title":"Validity of diabetes self-reports in the Women's Health Initiative: comparison with medication inventories and fasting glucose measurements","author":"Margolis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Trials"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2012.01.013","article-title":"Self-reported diabetes is a valid outcome in pragmatic clinical trials and observational studies","volume":"66","author":"Jackson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.6.1063","article-title":"Distinguishing Optimism from Neuroticism (and Trait Anxiety, Self-Mastery, and Self-Esteem) - a Reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test","volume":"67","author":"Scheier","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2010.04.020","article-title":"Attitudes and cardiovascular disease","volume":"67","author":"Tindle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1037\/h0060667","article-title":"Proposed Hostility and Pharisaic - Virtue Scales for the MMPI","volume":"38","author":"Cook","year":"1954","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.827642","article-title":"Optimism, cynical hostility, and incident coronary heart disease and mortality in the Women's Health Initiative","volume":"120","author":"Tindle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2010.09.006","article-title":"Cynicism: Incident diabetes and worsening of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women","volume":"4","author":"Wylie-Rosett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.58.5.864","article-title":"Conflict over emotional expression: psychological and physical correlates","volume":"58","author":"King","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-198808000-00004","article-title":"Development of a brief screening instrument for detecting depressive disorders","volume":"26","author":"Burnam","year":"1988","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000253","article-title":"SAS macro for causal mediation analysis with survival data","volume":"26","author":"Valeri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032315-021402","article-title":"Mediation Analysis: A Practitioner's Guide","volume":"37","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr525","article-title":"A\u00a0simple unified approach for estimating natural direct and indirect effects","volume":"176","author":"Lange","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117663","article-title":"Hostility, incidence of acute myocardial infarction, and mortality in a sample of older Danish men and women","volume":"142","author":"Barefoot","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn333","article-title":"Hostility and trajectories of body mass index over 19 years: the Whitehall II Study","volume":"169","author":"Nabi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116480","article-title":"Hostility and health behaviors in young adults: the CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study","volume":"136","author":"Scherwitz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.13.2.149","article-title":"Personality Measures as Predictors of Smoking Initiation and Cessation in the Unc Alumni Heart-Study","volume":"13","author":"Lipkus","year":"1994","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(89)90342-0","article-title":"Emotional expression in cancer onset and progression","volume":"28","author":"Gross","year":"1989","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(03)00967-6","article-title":"Effect of negative emotions on frequency of coronary heart disease (The Normative Aging Study)","volume":"92","author":"Todaro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023124","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective study of positive psychological well-being and coronary heart disease","volume":"30","author":"Boehm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1011","article-title":"The psychoneuroimmunology of depression","volume":"24","author":"Leonard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1139\/jpn.0902","article-title":"Cascading effects of stressors and inflammatory immune system activation: implications for major depressive disorder","volume":"34","author":"Anisman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13217","article-title":"Cortisol dysregulation: the bidirectional link between stress, depression, and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"1391","author":"Joseph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.126.1.3","article-title":"The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: a quantitative review of longitudinal studies","volume":"126","author":"Roberts","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000088","article-title":"A\u00a0Systematic Review of Personality Trait Change Through Intervention","volume":"143","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib47","first-page":"594","article-title":"Can psychological interventions increase optimism? A meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Malouff","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Posit Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.12.004","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized trial of an optimism training intervention in patients with heart disease","volume":"51","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Annals of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S104727972030288X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S104727972030288X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T02:26:38Z","timestamp":1760927198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S104727972030288X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S104727972030288X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-2797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-2797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Do health behaviors mediate associations between personality traits and diabetes incidence?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Annals of Epidemiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}