{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T19:37:15Z","timestamp":1784230635263,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T05:50:43Z","timestamp":1754891443000},"page":"89-94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Family incarceration and barriers to mental health care among low-income US veterans"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8686-9115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Testa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Mijares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib1","unstructured":"Nellis A. Mass Incarceration Trends. Sentencing Project; 2023. Accessed July 6, 2023. https:\/\/www.sentencingproject.org\/reports\/mass-incarceration-trends\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2378023119829332","article-title":"What percentage of Americans have ever had a family member incarcerated?: evidence from the family history of incarceration survey (FamHIS)","volume":"5","author":"Enns","year":"2019","journal-title":"Socius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wildeman C., Goldman A.W., Lee H. Health Consequences of Family Member Incarceration for Adults in the Household. Public Health Rep. 2019;134(1 Suppl):15S-21S. doi:10.1177\/0033354918807974.","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354918807974"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.05.029","article-title":"Health effects of family member incarceration in the United States: a meta-analysis and cost study","volume":"103","author":"Provencher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146516645924","article-title":"Imprisoned by empathy: familial incarceration and psychological distress among African American men in The National survey of American life","volume":"57","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12699","article-title":"Familial incarceration, social role combinations, and mental health among African American women","volume":"83","author":"Patterson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Marriage Fam"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.11821","article-title":"Exposure to family member incarceration and adult Well-being in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Sundaresh","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmmh.2021.100002","article-title":"Family member incarceration and mental health: results from a nationally representative survey","volume":"1","author":"Turney","year":"2021","journal-title":"SSM Ment Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000736","article-title":"Family member incarceration and loneliness among low-income U.S. Veterans","volume":"94","author":"Testa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301504","article-title":"A heavy burden: the cardiovascular health consequences of having a family member incarcerated","volume":"104","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2307\/2136956","article-title":"The sociological study of stress","volume":"30","author":"Pearlin","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650504600206","article-title":"Stress, health, and the life course: some conceptual perspectives","volume":"46","author":"Pearlin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib13","unstructured":"Goffman E. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Reissue edition. Prentice Hall; 1963."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2156869318771439","article-title":"Being \u201con Point\u201d: exploring the Stress-related experiences of incarceration","volume":"9","author":"Porter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Ment Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1037\/law0000319","article-title":"The stigma of incarceration experience: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Feingold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Public Policy Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harding D.J., Harris H.M. After Prison: Navigating Adulthood in the Shadow of the Justice System. Russell Sage Foundation; 2020.","DOI":"10.7758\/9781610448918"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.21741","article-title":"Making ends meet after prison","volume":"33","author":"Harding","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Policy Anal Manag"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib18","first-page":"1512","article-title":"Stress and hardship after prison","volume":"120","author":"Western","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJS"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2014.0118","article-title":"\u201cThe stress will kill You\u201d: prisoner reentry as experienced by family members and the urgent need for support services","volume":"25","author":"Grieb","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Under"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1111\/fare.12616","article-title":"How families respond to the collateral consequences of incarceration and prisoner reentry","volume":"71","author":"Hood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fam Relat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1086\/721741","article-title":"Incarceration, families, and communities: recent developments and enduring challenges","volume":"51","author":"Wakefield","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crime Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib22","first-page":"367","article-title":"The long arm of the law: the concentration of incarceration in families in the era of mass incarceration","volume":"17","author":"Wildeman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gend Race Just"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302836","article-title":"Prevalence, comorbidity, and prognosis of mental health among US veterans","volume":"105","author":"Trivedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib24","series-title":"Veteran and military mental health issues","author":"Moore","year":"2025"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1555","article-title":"US Veterans\u2019 use of VA mental health services and disability compensation increased from 2001 to 2010","volume":"35","author":"Tsai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.202100112","article-title":"Mental health care use among U.S. Military veterans: results from the 2019-2020 national health and resilience in veterans study","volume":"73","author":"Kline","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmilitary-2021-001903","article-title":"Veteran help-seeking behaviour for mental health issues: a systematic review","volume":"168","author":"Randles","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Mil Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.8.1118","article-title":"Perceived stigma and barriers to mental health care utilization among OEF-OIF veterans","volume":"60","author":"Pietrzak","year":"2009","journal-title":"PS"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/08995605.2011.534415","article-title":"Stigma, negative attitudes about treatment, and utilization of mental health care among soldiers","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mil Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2008.27.4.317","article-title":"Perceived stigma and barriers to care for psychological treatment: implications for reactions to stressors in different contexts","volume":"27","author":"Britt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Soc Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201300469","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators related to mental health care use among older veterans in the United States","volume":"66","author":"Blais","year":"2015","journal-title":"PS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib32","series-title":"US Army Med Dep J","first-page":"7","article-title":"Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems and barriers to care","author":"Hoge","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-024-10078-7","article-title":"Barriers to mental health care in US military veterans","volume":"95","author":"Lewis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib34.1","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. 2023 Poverty Guidelines: 48 Contiguous States. US Department of Health and Human Services"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib34.2","unstructured":"2023. Accessed August 6, 2025. https:\/\/aspe.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/1c92a9207f3ed5915ca020d58fe77696\/detailed-guidelines-2023.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.017","article-title":"Prevalence of eviction, home foreclosure, and homelessness among low-income US veterans: The National veteran homeless and other poverty experiences study","volume":"213","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.49098","article-title":"Retention in individual Trauma-Focused treatment following Family-Based treatment among US veterans","volume":"6","author":"Dodge","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/21635781.2012.721062","article-title":"Approaching Family-Focused systems of care for military and veteran families","volume":"1","author":"Wadsworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mil Behav Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000178","article-title":"Using peer support groups to enhance community integration of veterans in transition","volume":"15","author":"Drebing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Serv"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3628","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043628","article-title":"Peer support activities for veterans, serving members, and their families: results of a scoping review","volume":"20","author":"Mercier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooae119","article-title":"Use of mobile applications and mental health services among veterans who received Internet-connected tablets","volume":"7","author":"Griffin","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMIA Open"}],"container-title":["Annals of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047279725002224?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047279725002224?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T23:20:56Z","timestamp":1760743256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1047279725002224"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S1047279725002224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-2797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-2797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Family incarceration and barriers to mental health care among low-income US veterans","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Annals of Epidemiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}