{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T12:44:20Z","timestamp":1765197860747,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:42:45Z","timestamp":1762299765000},"page":"76-83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Impact of school-based infection prevention strategies on household COVID-19 and respiratory disease outcomes: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2202-1884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjana","family":"Pampati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Stuart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Lessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirsten E.","family":"Wiens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lance A.","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Lopman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jodie L.","family":"Guest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Kate","family":"Grabowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeb","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7134a3","article-title":"Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19-associated hospitalizations among adults during SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 variant predominance - COVID-19-associated hospitalization surveillance network, 14 States, June 20, 2021-May 31, 2022","volume":"71","author":"Havers","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7107e4","article-title":"Hospitalizations of children and adolescents with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 14 states, July 2021-January 2022","volume":"71","author":"Marks","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated Flu Disease Burden 2021-2022 Flu Season. Accessed September 7, 2025. \u3008https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu-burden\/php\/data-vis\/2021-2022.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/about\/burden\/2021-2022.htm\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib4","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RSV-NET: Respiratory Syncytial Virus Hospitalization Surveillance Network. Accessed September 7, 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/rsv\/php\/surveillance\/rsv-net.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/rsv\/research\/rsv-net\/dashboard.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib5","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidance for COVID-19 Prevention in K-12 Schools. Accessed September 27, 2025. \u3008https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/108529\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib6","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics. COVID-19 Guidance for Safe Schools. Accessed September 27, 2025. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210819180640\/https:\/\/www.aap.org\/en\/pages\/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections\/clinical-guidance\/covid-19-planning-considerations-return-to-in-person-education-in-schools\/."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12403","article-title":"The ventilation problem in schools: literature review","volume":"27","author":"Fisk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.9970","article-title":"Reducing SARS-CoV-2 in shared indoor air","volume":"328","author":"Dowell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2024.05.011","article-title":"A longitudinal analysis of COVID-19 prevention strategies implemented among US K-12 public schools during the 2021-2022 school year","volume":"96","author":"Conklin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2905.221533","article-title":"Disparities in implementing COVID-19 prevention strategies in public schools, United States, 2021-22 School Year","volume":"29","author":"Pampati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6546","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abh2939","article-title":"Household COVID-19 risk and in-person schooling","volume":"372","author":"Lessler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"51","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2111454118","article-title":"The US COVID-19 trends and impact survey: continuous real-time measurement of COVID-19 symptoms, risks, protective behaviors, testing, and vaccination","volume":"118","author":"Salomon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib13","unstructured":"CTIS. Methodology Report for the COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey. Version 1. https:\/\/scontent-atl3-1.xx.fbcdn.net\/v\/t39.8562-6\/297798964_526025125876935_4820979767692036779_n.pdf?_nc_cat=106&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=b8d81d&_nc_ohc=9-920U5fOSoQ7kNvwEAjgl8&_nc_oc=Adn_Ypi2xWr7dM6Ncz-61fwSI_oQ6wHBCjgv2Y77XVVzNd3K7crYaEhTttL1z1wKTjLTHwkH1yyEIPOZY2BAj16W&_nc_zt=14&_nc_ht=scontent-atl3-1.xx&_nc_gid=m00lG-2wtng_YiQK9iMjaQ&oh=00_AfbfJfnjbC-SyRi8iiRJB3tb15TYQcx_Bg1aT1Uztj4wng&oe=68DE08DD."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib14","unstructured":"Education Do. School Pulse Panel Learning Mode Dashboard Accessed September 27, 2025. https:\/\/ies.ed.gov\/schoolsurvey\/spp\/."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx364","article-title":"UpSetR: an R package for the visualization of intersecting sets and their properties","volume":"33","author":"Conway","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2014.2346248","article-title":"UpSet: Visualization of Intersecting Sets","volume":"20","author":"Lex","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib17","series-title":"Modern Applied Statistics with S","first-page":"183","article-title":"Generalized linear models","author":"Venables","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib18","first-page":"225","article-title":"Regression with complex samples","author":"Heeringa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Regres Anal Causal Inference"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib19","unstructured":"U.S Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences. Results from the February School Pulse Panel Accessed September, 2025. https:\/\/ies.ed.gov\/schoolsurvey\/spp\/2022_SPP_Mitigation.pdf."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-055727","article-title":"A test-to-stay modified quarantine program for COVID-19 in schools","volume":"149","author":"Schechter-Perkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-055930","article-title":"Test-to-stay programs in schools are effective, but are they equitable?","volume":"149","author":"Neatherlin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1177\/10598405231191282","article-title":"Facilitators and barriers to implementing COVID-19 prevention strategies in K-12 public schools","volume":"41","author":"Rose","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Sch Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1177\/10598405221119516","article-title":"School nursing workforce differences between urban and non-urban areas: implications for school health services and equity","volume":"40","author":"Ramos","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Sch Nurs"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214401","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities","volume":"74","author":"Bambra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19933","article-title":"Racism, not race, drives inequity across the COVID-19 continuum","volume":"3","author":"Khazanchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240785","article-title":"Who is wearing a mask? Gender-, age-, and location-related differences during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"15","author":"Haischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib27","first-page":"6596","article-title":"US trends in mask wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic depend on rurality","volume":"21","author":"Pro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rural Remote Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12556","article-title":"Rural and urban differences in COVID-19 prevention behaviors","volume":"37","author":"Callaghan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Rural Health"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm9128","article-title":"In-person schooling and associated COVID-19 risk in the United States over spring semester 2021","volume":"8","author":"Wiens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7021e1","article-title":"Mask use and ventilation improvements to reduce COVID-19 incidence in elementary schools - Georgia, November 16-December 11, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Gettings","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2211029","article-title":"Lifting universal masking in schools - COVID-19 incidence among students and staff","volume":"387","author":"Cowger","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7110e1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 incidence in K-12 school districts with mask-required versus mask-optional policies - Arkansas, August-October 2021","volume":"71","author":"Donovan","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib33","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Operational Guidance for K-12 Schools and Early Care and Education Programs to Support Safe In-Person Learning. Accessed September 27, 2025. \u3008https:\/\/archive.cdc.gov\/#\/details?url=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/community\/schools-childcare\/k-12-childcare-guidance.html\u3009."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7123e2","article-title":"Ventilation improvement strategies among K-12 public schools - the national school COVID-19 prevention study, United States, February 14-March 27, 2022","volume":"71","author":"Pampati","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7214a4","article-title":"Ventilation improvements among K-12 public school districts - United States, August-December 2022","volume":"72","author":"Mark-Carew","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3643","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23733-5","article-title":"Insights into household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from a population-based serological survey","volume":"12","author":"Bi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"}],"container-title":["Annals of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047279725003163?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047279725003163?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T12:39:36Z","timestamp":1765197576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1047279725003163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S1047279725003163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-2797"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1047-2797"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Impact of school-based infection prevention strategies on household COVID-19 and respiratory disease outcomes: A cross-sectional study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Annals of Epidemiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.019","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}