{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T21:03:00Z","timestamp":1781125380369,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100025287","name":"Center for Forecasting and Outbreak Analytics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDC-RFA-FT-23-0069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDC-RFA-FT-23-0069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100025287","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007270","name":"University of Michigan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5 NU38FT000002-02-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 NU38FT000002-02-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T05:17:50Z","timestamp":1763183870000},"page":"102-109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Capturing the implications of residential segregation for the dynamics of infectious disease transmission"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0708-2008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Zelner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa C.","family":"Eisenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew F.","family":"Brouwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Sakrejda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198120922942","article-title":"Racial capitalism: a fundamental cause of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic inequities in the United States","author":"Laster Pirtle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib2","first-page":"azab023","article-title":"Incarceration as a fundamental social cause of health inequalities: jails, prisons and vulnerability to COVID-19","author":"Novisky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Criminol [Internet]"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib3","article-title":"There are no equal opportunity infectors: epidemiological modelers must rethink our approach to inequality in infection risk","volume":"18","author":"Zelner","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Comput Biol [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib4","article-title":"Evaluating COVID-19 risk to essential workers by occupational group: a case study in Massachusetts","author":"Haley","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Community Health [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib5","article-title":"Modeling the impact of racial and ethnic disparities on COVID-19 epidemic dynamics","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schiffer JT Editor eLife [Internet]"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13839","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612838113","article-title":"Disparities in influenza mortality and transmission related to sociodemographic factors within Chicago in the pandemic of 1918","volume":"113","author":"Grantz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib7","series-title":"Infectious fear: politics, disease, and the health effects of segregation","author":"Roberts","year":"2009"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817000802","article-title":"Racial inequality in the annual risk of Tuberculosis infection in the United States, 1910\u20131933","volume":"145","author":"Zelner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect [Internet]"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.306040","article-title":"The contribution of prisons and jails to US racial disparities during COVID-19","volume":"111","author":"Nowotny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Public Health [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinberg H., Trick W., Zawitz C., Weinstein R.A., Won P., Aroutcheva A., et al. Incarceration is a key driver of racial disparities in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in Cook County, IL. Annals of Epidemiology [Internet]. 2025 Sep [cited 2025 Aug 5];109:96\u2013102. Available from: \u3008https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1047279725001772\u3009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.07.027"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/0725513607082003","article-title":"Territorial stigmatization in the age of advanced marginality","volume":"91","author":"Wacquant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thesis Elev [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2307\/2626958","article-title":"Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease","volume":"35","author":"Link","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav [Internet]"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301069","article-title":"Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities","volume":"103","author":"Hatzenbuehler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Public Health [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112305","article-title":"Is racism a fundamental cause of inequalities in health?","volume":"41","author":"Phelan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol [Internet]"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3549(04)50068-7","article-title":"Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health","volume":"116","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib16","article-title":"Advancing the study of health inequality: fundamental causes as systems of exposure","volume":"10","author":"Riley","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-032015-010015","article-title":"O. Race as a bundle of sticks: designs that estimate effects of seemingly immutable characteristics","volume":"19","author":"Wasow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Political Sci [Internet]"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib18","first-page":"1286","article-title":"Muslims in Indian cities: degrees of segregation and the elusive ghetto","volume":"49","author":"Susewind","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Plan A Econ Space [Internet]"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1086\/507856","article-title":"Neighborhood choice and neighborhood change","volume":"112","author":"Bruch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Sociol [Internet]"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/2043820620934310","article-title":"Structural inequality in the time of COVID-19: urbanization, segregation, and pandemic control in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"10","author":"Finn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dialog Hum Geogr [Internet]"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00016-2","article-title":"Residential segregation and the epidemiology of infectious diseases","volume":"51","author":"Acevedo-Garcia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Segregated mobility patterns amplify neighborhood disparities in the spread of COVID-19","author":"Gyorgy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Netw Sci [Internet]"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib23","article-title":"Racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality are driven by unequal infection risks","volume":"72","author":"Zelner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib24","series-title":"Models for Infectious Human Diseases: Their Structure and Relation to Data [Internet]","first-page":"215","article-title":"Modeling heterogeneous mixing in infectious disease dynamics","author":"Hethcote","year":"1996"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.2307\/2579183","article-title":"The dimensions of residential segregation","volume":"67","author":"Massey","year":"1988","journal-title":"Soc Forces [Internet]"},{"issue":"47","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0386","article-title":"The construction of next-generation matrices for compartmental epidemic models","volume":"7","author":"Diekmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface [Internet]"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-022-01057-9","article-title":"Why the spectral radius? An intuition-building introduction to the basic reproduction number","volume":"84","author":"Brouwer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull Math Biol [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib28","article-title":"SymPy: symbolic computing in python","volume":"3","author":"Meurer","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput Sci [Internet]"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","article-title":"SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in python","volume":"17","author":"Virtanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Methods [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib30","article-title":"Plotnine v0.12.4 [Internet]","author":"Kibirige","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zenodo"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122415589170","article-title":"The historical demography of racial segregation","volume":"80","author":"Grigoryeva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib32","first-page":"kwac186","article-title":"Exposure, susceptibility, and recovery: a framework for examining the intersection of the social and physical environment and infectious disease risk","author":"Noppert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/0141076821999973","article-title":"Ethnicity, household composition and COVID-19 mortality: a national linked data study","author":"Nafilyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J R Soc Med [Internet]"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12505","article-title":"Long COVID and health inequities: the role of primary care","volume":"99","author":"Berger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Milbank Q [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001_bib35","article-title":"Timing of infection as a key driver of racial\/ethnic disparities in coronavirus disease 2019 mortality rates during the prevaccine period","volume":"12","author":"Naraharisetti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis [Internet]"}],"container-title":["Annals of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047279725003308?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047279725003308?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T20:13:50Z","timestamp":1781122430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1047279725003308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S1047279725003308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-2797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-2797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Capturing the implications of residential segregation for the dynamics of infectious disease transmission","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Annals of Epidemiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.11.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}