{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T15:16:57Z","timestamp":1783178217097,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU50CK000590\\u201301\\u201300c"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU50CK000590\\u201301\\u201300c"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T05:28:03Z","timestamp":1777786083000},"page":"110108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Thirty years of hepatitis A epidemiology and vaccine studies: A narrative review of lessons learned in Alaska"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0685-6697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria A.","family":"Balta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather M.","family":"Scobie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxj012","article-title":"Hepatitis A in the era of vaccination","volume":"28","author":"Wasley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6905a1","article-title":"Prevention of Hepatitis A virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommended vaccinations for children. Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/imz-schedules\/child-easyread.html. Accessed April 6, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.4.1017","article-title":"Secular trends in hepatitis A virus infection among Alaska Natives","volume":"168","author":"Bulkow","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.3.676","article-title":"Immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in Alaska Native children and Native and non-Native adults","volume":"171","author":"McMahon","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1102","article-title":"Vaccination status of Alaska native persons with hepatitis A virus infection-Alaska, 1996-2018","volume":"72","author":"Plumb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.06.113","article-title":"Impact of a statewide childhood vaccine program in controlling hepatitis A virus infections in Alaska","volume":"28","author":"Singleton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00446-6","article-title":"Hepatitis A vaccine administration: comparison between jet-injector and needle injection","volume":"18","author":"Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1996.02170320079014","article-title":"A program to control an outbreak of hepatitis A in Alaska by using an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine","volume":"150","author":"McMahon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3991","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26327","article-title":"Hepatitis A vaccine immunogenicity 25 years after vaccination in Alaska","volume":"93","author":"Ramaswamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6835a4","article-title":"Impact of public health interventions on drinking water-associated outbreaks of hepatitis A - United States, 1971-2017","volume":"68","author":"Barrett","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549231184007","article-title":"Trends and opportunities: hepatitis A virus infection, seroprevalence, and vaccination coverage-United States, 1976-2020","author":"Hofmeister","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib13","article-title":"The epidemiology of hepatitis A \u2014 Alaska, 1973\u20132016","volume":"12","author":"Massay","year":"2017","journal-title":"State Alsk Epidemiol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae417","article-title":"Factors associated with hepatitis A seropositivity at 23 years after childhood vaccination","volume":"11","author":"Scobie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib15","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis A Outbreak Linked to Person-to-Person Contact. Available at: \u3008https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hepatitis-a\/outbreaks\/person-to-person\/index.html\u3009. Accessed September 5, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad552","article-title":"Determining herd immunity thresholds for hepatitis A virus transmission to inform vaccination strategies among people who inject drugs in 16\u2005US States","volume":"78","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000253253.85640.cc","article-title":"Immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in infants and young children","volume":"26","author":"Bell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1086\/593335","article-title":"Persistence of antibody to hepatitis A virus 10 years after vaccination among children and adults","volume":"198","author":"Hammitt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis710","article-title":"Long-term immunogenicity of hepatitis A virus vaccine in Alaska 17 years after initial childhood series","volume":"207","author":"Raczniak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12676","article-title":"Persistence of antibody to Hepatitis A virus 20 years after receipt of Hepatitis A vaccine in Alaska","volume":"24","author":"Plumb","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28375","article-title":"Persistence of seropositivity among persons vaccinated for hepatitis A during infancy by maternal antibody status: 15-year follow-up","volume":"63","author":"Spradling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.05.069","article-title":"Immunogenicity of the hepatitis A vaccine 20 years after infant immunization","volume":"38","author":"Mosites","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182138296","article-title":"Long-term immunogenicity and immune memory after two doses of the adult formulation of a combined hepatitis A and B vaccine in children 1\u201311 years of age","volume":"30","author":"Van Damme","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pedia Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1274473","article-title":"Persistence of antibodies 20 y after vaccination with a combined hepatitis A and B vaccine","volume":"13","author":"Van Damme","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000605","article-title":"Modeling the long-term persistence of hepatitis A antibody after a two-dose vaccination schedule in Argentinean children","volume":"34","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.04.033","article-title":"Immunity to hepatitis A and B persists for at least 15 years after immunisation of adolescents with a combined hepatitis A and B vaccine","volume":"34","author":"Beran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.01.014","article-title":"Long-term antibody persistence induced by a combined hepatitis A and B vaccine in children and adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Diaz-Mitoma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.01.031","article-title":"Immunogenicity and estimation of antibody persistence following vaccination with an inactivated virosomal hepatitis A vaccine in adults: a 20-year follow-up study","volume":"35","author":"Chappuis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.22200","article-title":"Antibody persistence and immune memory in healthy adults following vaccination with a two-dose inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: long-term follow-up at 15 years","volume":"83","author":"Van Herck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108_bib30","unstructured":"State of Alaska Department of Health. Alaska Hepatitis B&C Elimination Plan, 2025-2030, 2025."}],"container-title":["Annals of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047279726001067?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047279726001067?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T14:40:59Z","timestamp":1783176059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1047279726001067"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S1047279726001067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-2797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-2797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Thirty years of hepatitis A epidemiology and vaccine studies: A narrative review of lessons learned in Alaska","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Annals of Epidemiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110108","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110108"}}