{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T22:24:52Z","timestamp":1783635892941,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T07:32:20Z","timestamp":1781076740000},"page":"110146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Non-tobacco nicotine use and the risk of cataract development"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Nathan","family":"Vu Pham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emery","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thalia H.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert Y.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amer","family":"Alsoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asad","family":"Loya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-089741","article-title":"Prevalence of cataract and its associated factors among adults aged 40 years and above living in Durame town, Southern Ethiopia, 2023: a community-based cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Latebo","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib2","series-title":"Cataract surgery. StatPearls","author":"Moshirfar","year":"2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.116.2.219","article-title":"Incidence of age-related cataract: the Beaver Dam Eye study","volume":"116","author":"Klein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e31821cbcc9","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation as a risk factor for cataract and macular degeneration","volume":"37","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye Contact lens"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-025-03910-2","article-title":"Association between metabolic syndrome and cataract: a meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9820","article-title":"Smoking and risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Ye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2017.11.018","article-title":"p-Benzoquinone-induced aggregation and perturbation of structure and chaperone function of \u03b1-crystallin is a causative factor of cigarette smoke-related cataractogenesis","volume":"394","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib8","article-title":"Nicotine exposure exacerbates development of cataracts in a type 1 diabetic rat model","volume":"2012","author":"Tirgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac284","article-title":"Trends in US E-cigarette sales and prices by nicotine strength, overall and by product and flavor type, 2017-2022","volume":"25","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.42235","article-title":"Nicotine pouch sales trends in the US by volume and nicotine concentration levels from 2019 to 2022","volume":"5","author":"Majmundar","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"8000","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06968-8","article-title":"Smoking changes adaptive immunity with persistent effects","volume":"626","author":"Saint-Andr\u00e9","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L135","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00170.2016","article-title":"E-cigarette use results in suppression of immune and inflammatory-response genes in nasal epithelial cells similar to cigarette smoke","volume":"311","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib13","article-title":"Conventional tobacco and electronic cigarettes differentially affect cardiovascular health in male and female mice","volume":"4","author":"Lao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2022.08.012","article-title":"An integral perspective of canonical cigarette and e-cigarette-related cardiovascular toxicity based on the adverse outcome pathway framework","volume":"48","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1525166","article-title":"Inflammatory markers activation associated with vapor or smoke exposure in Wistar rats","volume":"16","author":"Wawryk-Gawda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01842-w","article-title":"The impact of vaping on ocular health: a literature review","volume":"41","author":"Martheswaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.01.011","article-title":"Electronic cigarette use and heavy metal exposure: evidence from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"103","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.10.057","article-title":"Assessment of reactive oxygen species generated by electronic cigarettes using acellular and cellular approaches","volume":"344","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13092619","article-title":"The impact of vaping on the ocular surface: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Bandara","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.3852","article-title":"Ocular symptoms in adolescents and young adults with electronic cigarette, cigarette, and dual use","volume":"141","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9596","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"370","author":"Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2025.103495","article-title":"Understanding cataract development in axial myopia: the contribution of oxidative stress and related pathways","volume":"80","author":"\u015awierczy\u0144ska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib23","series-title":"Cataract: biochemistry, epidemiology and pharmacology","author":"Harding","year":"1991"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1988.01060130363022","article-title":"Antioxidant status in persons with and without senile cataract","volume":"106","author":"Jacques","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol (Chic Ill 1960)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4164","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4087","article-title":"Ubiquitin proteasome pathway\u2013mediated degradation of proteins: effects due to site-specific substrate deamidation","volume":"51","author":"Dudek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01815-2019","article-title":"E-cigarette use and respiratory disorders: an integrative review of converging evidence from epidemiological and laboratory studies","volume":"57","author":"Wills","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03490080063025","article-title":"A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of cataract in men","volume":"268","author":"Christen","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.09.014","article-title":"Association between e-cigarette use and visual impairment in the United States","volume":"235","author":"Golla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.02.009","article-title":"Ocular conditions and dry eye due to traditional and new forms of smoking: a review","volume":"43","author":"Makrynioti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"}],"container-title":["Annals of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047279726001444?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047279726001444?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T22:11:00Z","timestamp":1783635060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1047279726001444"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["S1047279726001444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-2797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-2797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Non-tobacco nicotine use and the risk of cataract development","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Annals of Epidemiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2026.110146","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110146"}}