{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T22:42:07Z","timestamp":1793313727417,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":201,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["annalsofoncology.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:16:58Z","timestamp":1777562218000},"page":"1030-1048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lung cancer brain metastases management at the dawn of personalized medicine: are we ready to break the barriers?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Mavrikios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Bortolot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Le P\u00e9choux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Remon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Botticella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Aldea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.D.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.G.","family":"Rusthoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Lavaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Fr\u00e9laut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Abdayem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Lavigne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Camps-Mal\u00e9a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Besse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Planchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Barlesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Gougis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Knafo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Chargari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Dhermain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Deutsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Faivre-Finn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4798-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox077","article-title":"Incidence and prognosis of patients with brain metastases at diagnosis of systemic malignancy: a population-based study","volume":"19","author":"Cagney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/esmoopen-2015-000024","article-title":"Descriptive statistical analysis of a real life cohort of 2419 patients with brain metastases of solid cancers","volume":"1","author":"Berghoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou099","article-title":"Incidence of brain metastasis at initial presentation of lung cancer","volume":"17","author":"Villano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib4","first-page":"961","article-title":"Brain metastases in small cell lung cancer","volume":"18","author":"Quan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncology (Williston Park)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-004-8093-6","article-title":"Brain metastases: epidemiology and pathophysiology","volume":"75","author":"Gavrilovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2016.03.009","article-title":"The impact of brain metastasis on quality of life, resource utilization and survival in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"45","author":"Peters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2022.03.020","volume":"114","author":"Sperduto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.07.016","article-title":"EANO-ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with brain metastasis from solid tumours","volume":"32","author":"Le Rhun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.02314","article-title":"Treatment for brain metastases: ASCO-SNO-ASTRO guideline","volume":"40","author":"Vogelbaum","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.00333","article-title":"Radiation therapy for brain metastases: ASCO guideline endorsement of ASTRO guideline","volume":"40","author":"Schiff","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01715","article-title":"Managing central nervous system spread of lung cancer: the state of the art","volume":"40","author":"Tsui","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30111-X","article-title":"Pembrolizumab for management of patients with NSCLC and brain metastases: long-term results and biomarker analysis from a non-randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial","volume":"21","author":"Goldberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"10027","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01281-7","article-title":"Pembrolizumab versus docetaxel for previously treated, PD-L1-positive, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-010): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"387","author":"Herbst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-1871","article-title":"Preclinical comparison of the blood-brain barrier permeability of osimertinib with other EGFR TKIs","volume":"27","author":"Colclough","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5130","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-0399","article-title":"Preclinical comparison of osimertinib with other EGFR-TKIs in EGFR-mutant NSCLC brain metastases models, and early evidence of clinical brain metastases activity","volume":"22","author":"Ballard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e443","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.34.1313","article-title":"CSF concentration of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor crizotinib","volume":"29","author":"Costa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30680-0","article-title":"Lorlatinib in non-small-cell lung cancer with ALK or ROS1 rearrangement: an international, multicentre, open-label, single-arm first-in-man phase 1 trial","volume":"18","author":"Shaw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2019.07.025","article-title":"Definition of synchronous oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer-a consensus report","volume":"14","author":"Dingemans","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2026.0076","article-title":"Treatment for brain metastases with stereotactic radiation vs hippocampal-avoidance whole brain radiation: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"335","author":"Aizer","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70061-0","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with multiple brain metastases (JLGK0901): a multi-institutional prospective observational study","volume":"15","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"10055","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30825-X","volume":"388","author":"Mulvenna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.21.2483","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole-brain radiation therapy vs stereotactic radiosurgery alone for treatment of brain metastases: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"295","author":"Aoyama","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70263-3","article-title":"Neurocognition in patients with brain metastases treated with radiosurgery or radiosurgery plus whole-brain irradiation: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.9839","article-title":"Effect of radiosurgery alone vs radiosurgery with whole brain radiation therapy on cognitive function in patients with 1 to 3 brain metastases: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"316","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2017.04.037","article-title":"A multi-institutional prospective observational study of stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with multiple brain metastases (JLGK0901 study update): irradiation-related complications and long-term maintenance of mini-mental state examination scores","volume":"99","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.02767","article-title":"Hippocampal avoidance during whole-brain radiotherapy plus memantine for patients with brain metastases: phase III trial NRG Oncology CC001","volume":"38","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30441-2","article-title":"Postoperative stereotactic radiosurgery compared with whole brain radiotherapy for resected metastatic brain disease (NCCTG N107C\/CEC\u00b73): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"18","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.5049","volume":"8","author":"Palmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3282","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.78.6186","article-title":"Effects of surgery with salvage stereotactic radiosurgery versus surgery with whole-brain radiation therapy in patients with one to four brain metastases (JCOG0504): a phase III, noninferiority, randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Kayama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib30","first-page":"e8","article-title":"Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (HFSRT) of the resection cavity vs. whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) following brain metastasis resection - results of the ESTRON randomized phase 2 trial","volume":"117","author":"El Shafie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"2 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2024.07.058","article-title":"Neurocognition and quality of life for hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (HFSRT) of the resection cavity vs. whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) following brain metastasis resection - results of the ESTRON randomized phase 2 trial","volume":"120","author":"Shafie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.4630","article-title":"Multi-institutional analysis of prognostic factors and outcomes after hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy to the resection cavity in patients with brain metastases","volume":"6","author":"Eitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3810","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.57.2909","article-title":"Preservation of memory with conformal avoidance of the hippocampal neural stem-cell compartment during whole-brain radiotherapy for brain metastases (RTOG 0933): a phase II multi-institutional trial","volume":"32","author":"Gondi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not114","article-title":"Memantine for the prevention of cognitive dysfunction in patients receiving whole-brain radiotherapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2018.05.027","article-title":"Cognitive impairment and morphological changes after radiation therapy in brain tumors: a review","volume":"128","author":"Jacob","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canrad.2025.104625","article-title":"Specific radiosensitivity of brain structures (areas or regions) and cognitive impairment after focal or whole brain radiotherapy: a review","volume":"29","author":"Mesny","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Radiother"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-305166","article-title":"Neurocognitive assessment following whole brain radiation therapy and radiosurgery for patients with cerebral metastases","volume":"84","author":"McDuff","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib38","author":"Perlow"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-009-0917-0","article-title":"Strategy of surgery and radiation therapy for brain metastases","volume":"14","author":"Narita","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(99)00507-6","article-title":"Single dose radiosurgical treatment of recurrent previously irradiated primary brain tumors and brain metastases: final report of RTOG protocol 90-05","volume":"47","author":"Shaw","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.08.013","article-title":"Single- and multifraction stereotactic radiosurgery dose\/volume tolerances of the brain","volume":"110","author":"Milano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.17.1485","article-title":"Postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of single metastases to the brain: a randomized trial","volume":"280","author":"Patchell","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30414-X","article-title":"Post-operative stereotactic radiosurgery versus observation for completely resected brain metastases: a single-centre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"18","author":"Mahajan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-021-01802-9","article-title":"Current status and recent advances in resection cavity irradiation of brain metastases","volume":"16","author":"Minniti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2016.03.013","article-title":"Single-fraction versus multifraction (3 \u00d7 9 Gy) stereotactic radiosurgery for large (>2 cm) brain metastases: a comparative analysis of local control and risk of radiation-induced brain necrosis","volume":"95","author":"Minniti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1602\/neurorx.2.1.3","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier: bottleneck in brain drug development","volume":"2","author":"Pardridge","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroRx"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01481-w","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier: structure, regulation, and drug delivery","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5664","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-1564","article-title":"Heterogeneous blood-tumor barrier permeability determines drug efficacy in experimental brain metastases of breast cancer","volume":"16","author":"Lockman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5287","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-1836","article-title":"Alterations in pericyte subpopulations are associated with elevated blood-tumor barrier permeability in experimental brain metastasis of breast cancer","volume":"22","author":"Lyle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0205-x","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier and blood-tumour barrier in brain tumours and metastases","volume":"20","author":"Arvanitis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib51","article-title":"The Liquid Biopsy Consortium: challenges and opportunities for early cancer detection and monitoring","volume":"4","author":"Batool","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2019.11.024","article-title":"Circulating tumor DNA analysis for patients with oncogene-addicted NSCLC with isolated central nervous system progression","volume":"15","author":"Aldea","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02392-7","article-title":"Pembrolizumab in brain metastases of diverse histologies: phase 2 trial results","volume":"29","author":"Brastianos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-006127","article-title":"First-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, including patients with ECOG performance status 2 and other special populations: CheckMate 817","volume":"11","author":"Ready","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4478","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.02561","article-title":"Phase II trial of atezolizumab combined with carboplatin and pemetrexed for patients with advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer with untreated brain metastases (Atezo-Brain, GECP17\/05)","volume":"41","author":"Nadal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2023.01.083","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and health-related quality of life with camrelizumab plus pemetrexed and carboplatin as first-line treatment for advanced nonsquamous NSCLC with brain metastases (CAP-BRAIN): a multicenter, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study","volume":"18","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"10 suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2025.09.044","article-title":"OA05.03 NIVIPI-Brain: phase 2 study of nivolumab + ipilimumab combined with chemotherapy in NSCLC with synchronous brain metastases","volume":"20","author":"Nadal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-2082","article-title":"Bevacizumab in patients with nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer and asymptomatic, untreated brain metastases (BRAIN): a nonrandomized, phase II study","volume":"21","author":"Besse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1713137","article-title":"Osimertinib in untreated EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"378","author":"Soria","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30539-8","article-title":"Durvalumab, with or without tremelimumab, plus platinum-etoposide versus platinum-etoposide alone in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN): updated results from a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"22","author":"Goldman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib61","article-title":"Impact of brain metastases on treatment patterns and outcomes with first-line durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide in extensive-stage SCLC (CASPIAN): a brief report","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"JTO Clin Res Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105325","article-title":"Platinum plus etoposide with durvalumab for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer with untreated brain metastases: a multicenter, single-arm phase II trial (LOGiK2001, SPEED)","volume":"10","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809064","article-title":"First-line atezolizumab plus chemotherapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer","volume":"379","author":"Horn","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.01055","article-title":"Updated overall survival and PD-L1 subgroup analysis of patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer treated with atezolizumab, carboplatin, and etoposide (IMpower133)","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.09.020","article-title":"Patterns of disease progression after carboplatin\/etoposide + atezolizumab in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC)","volume":"108","author":"Higgins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3290","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.78.3118","article-title":"CNS response to osimertinib versus standard epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with untreated EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"36","author":"Reungwetwattana","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1913662","article-title":"Overall survival with osimertinib in untreated, EGFR-mutated advanced NSCLC","volume":"382","author":"Ramalingam","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.02219","article-title":"CNS efficacy of osimertinib with or without chemotherapy in epidermal growth factor receptor-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"42","author":"J\u00e4nne","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2510308","article-title":"Survival with osimertinib plus chemotherapy in EGFR-mutated advanced NSCLC","volume":"394","author":"J\u00e4nne","year":"2026","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"16 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8513","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.8513","article-title":"Efficacy and CNS results from a randomized subset of the phase 2 SAVANNAH study comparing savolitinib (savo) + osimertinib (osi) combination with savo + placebo (PBO)","volume":"43","author":"Levy","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.04.478","article-title":"Updated overall survival and final progression-free survival data for patients with treatment-naive advanced ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer in the ALEX study","volume":"31","author":"Mok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy405","article-title":"Alectinib versus crizotinib in treatment-naive anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive (ALK+) non-small-cell lung cancer: CNS efficacy results from the ALEX study","volume":"29","author":"Gadgeel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy121","article-title":"Alectinib versus chemotherapy in crizotinib-pretreated anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: results from the phase III ALUR study","volume":"29","author":"Novello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00437-4","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of first-line lorlatinib versus crizotinib in patients with advanced, ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: updated analysis of data from the phase 3, randomised, open-label CROWN study","volume":"11","author":"Solomon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.24.00581","article-title":"Lorlatinib versus crizotinib in patients with advanced ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer: 5-year outcomes from the phase III CROWN study","volume":"42","author":"Solomon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.08.1310","article-title":"Phase I\/II ALKOVE-1 study of NVL-655 in ALK-positive (ALK+) solid tumours","volume":"35","author":"Drilon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.00174","article-title":"Five-year outcomes with pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer with PD-L1 tumor proportion score \u2265 50","volume":"39","author":"Reck","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.01989","article-title":"Pembrolizumab plus pemetrexed and platinum in nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer: 5-year outcomes from the phase 3 KEYNOTE-189 study","volume":"41","author":"Garassino","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.01990","article-title":"Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in squamous non-small-cell lung cancer: 5-year update of the phase III KEYNOTE-407 study","volume":"41","author":"Novello","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.07.035","article-title":"Brigatinib versus crizotinib in ALK inhibitor-naive advanced ALK-positive NSCLC: final results of phase 3 ALTA-1L trial","volume":"16","author":"Camidge","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.03.207","article-title":"Small-cell lung cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"32","author":"Dingemans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2020.02.009","article-title":"Radiation therapy for small cell lung cancer: an ASTRO Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"10","author":"Simone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pract Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30000","article-title":"Risk of brain metastases in patients with nonmetastatic lung cancer: analysis of the Metropolitan Detroit Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data","volume":"122","author":"Goncalves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2014.07.020","article-title":"Metastatic sites and survival in lung cancer","volume":"86","author":"Riihim\u00e4ki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2404873","article-title":"Durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer","volume":"391","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10212","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32222-6","article-title":"Durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide versus platinum-etoposide in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"394","author":"Paz-Ares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10495","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01011-6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of first-line maintenance therapy with lurbinectedin plus atezolizumab in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (IMforte): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"405","author":"Paz-Ares","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4186","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-0798","article-title":"PD-1\/PD-L1 blockers in NSCLC brain metastases: challenging paradigms and clinical practice","volume":"26","author":"Eguren-Santamaria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib89","article-title":"Navigate towards the immunotherapy era: value of immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-15-0064","article-title":"The interplay of immunotherapy and chemotherapy: harnessing potential synergies","volume":"3","author":"Emens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-15-0582","article-title":"Bevacizumab prevents brain metastases formation in lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Ilhan-Mutlu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib92","first-page":"44","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier permeability following conventional photon radiotherapy - a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and preclinical studies","volume":"35","author":"Hart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Transl Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib93","first-page":"65","article-title":"Radiotherapy combination opportunities leveraging immunity for the next oncology practice","volume":"67","author":"Herrera","year":"2017","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-2824","article-title":"Ablative tumor radiation can change the tumor immune cell microenvironment to induce durable complete remissions","volume":"21","author":"Filatenkov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.30.1655","article-title":"Adjuvant whole-brain radiotherapy versus observation after radiosurgery or surgical resection of one to three cerebral metastases: results of the EORTC 22952-26001 study","volume":"29","author":"Kocher","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30532-0","article-title":"Local consolidative therapy versus maintenance therapy or observation for patients with oligometastatic non-small-cell lung cancer without progression after first-line systemic therapy: a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 2 study","volume":"17","author":"Gomez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.3501","article-title":"Consolidative radiotherapy for limited metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase 2 randomized clinical trial","volume":"4","author":"Iyengar","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djac015","article-title":"Randomized trial of first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor with or without radiotherapy for synchronous oligometastatic EGFR-mutated NSCLC","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2023.102621","article-title":"Local control strategies for management of NSCLC with oligoprogressive disease","volume":"120","author":"Mavrikios","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2017.02.009","article-title":"The microenvironmental landscape of brain tumors","volume":"31","author":"Quail","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3958","article-title":"The tumour microenvironment after radiotherapy: mechanisms of resistance and recurrence","volume":"15","author":"Barker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib102","article-title":"Immunotherapy with radiotherapy for brain metastases in patients with NSCLC: NEJ060","volume":"5","author":"Tozuka","year":"2024","journal-title":"JTO Clin Res Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00643-0","article-title":"Brain radiotherapy combined with camrelizumab and platinum-doublet chemotherapy for previously untreated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with brain metastases (C-Brain): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2025.02.004","article-title":"First-line camrelizumab versus placebo plus chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy for brain metastases in NSCLC: the CTONG 2003 randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.1271","article-title":"Evaluation of first-line radiosurgery vs whole-brain radiotherapy for small cell lung cancer brain metastases: the FIRE-SCLC cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Rusthoven","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djad073","article-title":"Comparison of first-line radiosurgery for small-cell and non-small cell lung cancer brain metastases (CROSS-FIRE)","volume":"115","author":"Rusthoven","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-25-00056","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery in patients with small cell lung cancer and 1-10 brain metastases: a multi-institutional, phase II, prospective clinical trial","volume":"43","author":"Aizer","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3606","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.02668","article-title":"Tyrosine kinase inhibitors with and without up-front stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases from EGFR and ALK oncogene-driven non-small cell lung cancer (TURBO-NSCLC)","volume":"42","author":"Pike","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-009-0057-4","article-title":"The role of steroids in the management of brain metastases: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Ryken","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab046","article-title":"The combined use of steroids and immune checkpoint inhibitors in brain metastasis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Jessurun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib111","first-page":"1041","article-title":"The use and toxicity of steroids in the management of patients with brain metastases","volume":"16","author":"Sturdza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908123410703","article-title":"Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission","volume":"341","author":"Aup\u00e9rin","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa071780","article-title":"Prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive small-cell lung cancer","volume":"357","author":"Slotman","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30230-9","article-title":"Prophylactic cranial irradiation versus observation in patients with extensive-disease small-cell lung cancer: a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"18","author":"Takahashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2024.11.011","article-title":"Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with SCLC-a new perspective in the immunotherapy era","volume":"20","author":"Levy","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111516","article-title":"ESTRO-EORTC expert guideline on target delineation and radiotherapy details for stage I-III small cell lung cancer","volume":"219","author":"Levy","year":"2026","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2024.107993","article-title":"PRIMALung (EORTC-1901): PRophylactic cerebral irradiation (PCI) or active brain MAgnetic resonance imaging (MRI) surveillance in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients","volume":"198","author":"Levy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.08.2324","article-title":"Durvalumab (D) as consolidation therapy in limited-stage SCLC (LS-SCLC): outcomes by prior concurrent chemoradiotherapy (cCRT) regimen and prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) use in the ADRIATIC trial","volume":"35","author":"Senan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.1245","article-title":"Radiosurgery in patients with small cell lung cancer with brain metastases: a call for prospective evidence","volume":"6","author":"Le Pechoux","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2023.02.006","article-title":"CNS downstaging: an emerging treatment paradigm for extensive brain metastases in oncogene-addicted lung cancer","volume":"178","author":"Langston","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2025.0188","article-title":"Management of EGFR-variant and ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer brain metastasis","volume":"11","author":"Pike","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00664-8","article-title":"Innovative, early-phase clinical trials of drug-radiotherapy combinations","volume":"26","author":"Levy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2204619","article-title":"Adagrasib in non-small-cell lung cancer harboring a KRASG12C mutation","volume":"387","author":"J\u00e4nne","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.08.2299","article-title":"Adagrasib (ADA) vs docetaxel (DOCE) in patients (pts) with KRASG12C-mutated advanced NSCLC and baseline brain metastases (BM): results from KRYSTAL-12 [abstract LBA57]","volume":"35","author":"Barlesi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"17 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib125","article-title":"Intracranial efficacy of sotorasib versus docetaxel in pretreated KRAS G12C-mutated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): practice-informing data from a global, phase 3, randomized, controlled trial (RCT)","volume":"41","author":"Dingemans","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2503704","article-title":"Zongertinib in previously treated HER2-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"392","author":"Heymach","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib127","article-title":"Zongertinib in treatment-na\u00efve patients with HER2-mutant NSCLC, including those with active brain metastases: Beamion LUNG-1 [abstract 6MO]","volume":"11","author":"Heymach","year":"2026","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.1962","article-title":"Tepotinib treatment in patients with MET Exon 14-skipping non-small cell lung cancer: long-term follow-up of the VISION phase 2 nonrandomized clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Mazieres","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00441-8","article-title":"Capmatinib in MET exon 14-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer: final results from the open-label, phase 2 GEOMETRY mono-1 trial","volume":"25","author":"Wolf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.00393","article-title":"Selpercatinib in patients with RET fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: updated safety and efficacy from the registrational LIBRETTO-001 phase I\/II trial","volume":"41","author":"Drilon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2309457","article-title":"First-line selpercatinib or chemotherapy and pembrolizumab in RET fusion-positive NSCLC","volume":"389","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.24.00724","article-title":"CNS protective effect of selpercatinib in first-line RET fusion-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"42","author":"P\u00e9rol","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.03025","article-title":"Updated integrated analysis of the efficacy and safety of entrectinib in locally advanced or metastatic ROS1 fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"39","author":"Dziadziuszko","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-25-00275","article-title":"Taletrectinib in ROS1+ non-small cell lung cancer: TRUST","volume":"43","author":"P\u00e9rol","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.08.1313","article-title":"Phase I\/II ARROS-1 study of zidesamtinib (NVL-520) in ROS1 fusion-positive solid tumours [abstract 1256MO]","volume":"35","author":"Besse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"10 suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2025.09.018","article-title":"Pivotal ARROS-1 efficacy and safety data: zidesamtinib in TKI pre-treated patients with advanced\/metastatic ROS1+ NSCLC","volume":"20","author":"Drilon","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2302299","article-title":"Repotrectinib in ROS1 fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"390","author":"Drilon","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"16 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8570","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.8570","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of larotrectinib in patients with TRK fusion-positive lung cancer","volume":"42","author":"Drilon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2023.107442","article-title":"Updated efficacy and safety of entrectinib in NTRK fusion-positive non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"188","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3700","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.00774","article-title":"Phase II, open-label study of encorafenib plus binimetinib in patients with BRAFV600-mutant metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"41","author":"Riely","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03638-2","article-title":"Sacituzumab tirumotecan in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with or without EGFR mutations: phase 1\/2 and phase 2 trials","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"16 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8593","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.8593","article-title":"Intracranial efficacy of datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd) in patients (pts) with previously treated advanced\/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (a\/m NSCLC) with actionable genomic alterations (AGA): results from TROPION-Lung05 [abstract]","volume":"42","author":"Lisberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"10 suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2025.09.061","article-title":"Intracranial efficacy of datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd) in patients with advanced\/metastatic NSCLC in TROPION-Lung01 [abstract OA10.01]","volume":"20","author":"Pons-Tostivint","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2023.09.2354","article-title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) in patients (pts) with HER2 (ERBB2)-mutant (HER2m) metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with and without brain metastases (BMs): pooled analyses from DESTINY-Lung01 and DESTINY-Lung02","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2403614","article-title":"Amivantamab plus lazertinib in previously untreated EGFR-mutated advanced NSCLC","volume":"391","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3 suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1016\/S1556-0864(25)00199-6","article-title":"Amivantamab plus lazertinib vs osimertinib in first-line (1L) EGFR-mutant (EGFRm) advanced NSCLC: final overall survival (OS) from the phase III MARIPOSA study [abstract 4O]","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2306441","article-title":"Amivantamab plus chemotherapy in NSCLC with EGFR exon 20 insertions","volume":"389","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10481","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02722-3","article-title":"Ivonescimab versus pembrolizumab for PD-L1-positive non-small cell lung cancer (HARMONi-2): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 study in China","volume":"405","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib149","article-title":"Intracranial (IC) activity of ivonescimab (ivo) alone or in combination with platinum doublet chemotherapy (PC) in patients (Pts) with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC) and brain metastases (BMs)","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3392","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.24.00553","article-title":"Sustained clinical benefit and intracranial activity of tarlatamab in previously treated small cell lung cancer: DeLLphi-300 trial update","volume":"42","author":"Dowlati","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-024-00896-6","article-title":"The present and future of bispecific antibodies for cancer therapy","volume":"23","author":"Klein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2025.102922","article-title":"Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of antibody-drug conjugates, where do we stand?","volume":"135","author":"G\u00e9raud","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2025.104421","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of combined trastuzumab-deruxtecan and concurrent radiation therapy in breast cancer: the TENDANCE multicentric French study","volume":"80","author":"Debbi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Breast"},{"issue":"16 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.2024","article-title":"Irradiated tumor volume as a predictor of local recurrence and radionecrosis in lung cancer with brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery [abstract]","volume":"43","author":"Koulouris","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.4492","article-title":"Symptomatic necrosis with antibody-drug conjugates and concurrent stereotactic radiotherapy for brain metastases","volume":"9","author":"Lebow","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"16 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.2008","article-title":"Results from METIS (EF-25), an international, multicenter phase III randomized study evaluating the efficacy and safety of tumor treating fields (TTFields) therapy in NSCLC patients with brain metastases [abstract]","volume":"42","author":"Mehta","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib157","author":"Gondi"},{"issue":"16 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib158","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, controlled, pivotal trial of microbubble-enhanced transcranial focused ultrasound for patients with NSCLC brain metastases (LIMITLESS) [abstract]","volume":"43","author":"Ahluwalia","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv84","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx221","article-title":"EANO-ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with leptomeningeal metastasis from solid tumours","volume":"28","author":"Le Rhun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-1585","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer and current landscape of treatments","volume":"29","author":"Ozcan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2016.06.029","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastases in patients with NSCLC with EGFR mutations","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.00457","article-title":"Osimertinib in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer and leptomeningeal metastases: the BLOOM study","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-024-00970-3","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastatic disease: new frontiers and future directions","volume":"22","author":"Ozair","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.7204","article-title":"Association of neurosurgical resection with development of pachymeningeal seeding in patients with brain metastases","volume":"5","author":"Cagney","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.05.124","article-title":"Preoperative radiosurgery for resected brain metastases: the PROPS-BM multicenter cohort study","volume":"111","author":"Prabhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2022.07.019","article-title":"Pre-operative stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral metastatic disease: a retrospective dose-volume study","volume":"184","author":"Bugarini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.12.009","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery of the postoperative resection cavity for brain metastases: prospective evaluation of target margin on tumor control","volume":"84","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2025.1770","article-title":"Therapy, safety, and logistics of preoperative vs postoperative stereotactic radiation therapy: a preliminary analysis of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Yeboa","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.1629","article-title":"Risk factors for progression and toxic effects after preoperative stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with resected brain metastases","volume":"9","author":"Prabhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8854","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53034-6","article-title":"Pre-operative stereotactic radiosurgery and peri-operative dexamethasone for resectable brain metastases: a two-arm pilot study evaluating clinical outcomes and immunological correlates","volume":"15","author":"Jansen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2025.3007","article-title":"Proton craniospinal irradiation for patients with leptomeningeal metastasis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-06984-1","article-title":"Craniospinal irradiation(CSI) in patients with leptomeningeal metastases: risk-benefit-profile and development of a prognostic score for decision making in the palliative setting","volume":"20","author":"Devecka","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-021-00564-3","article-title":"Tumour burden and efficacy of immune-checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"19","author":"Dall\u2019Olio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"16 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib174","article-title":"Incidence of brain metastases in lung cancer patients with high PD-L1 expression (>50%) compared to low PD-L1 expression (<1%)","volume":"43","author":"Patel","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0592-7","article-title":"Genomic characterization of human brain metastases identifies drivers of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"52","author":"Shih","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4980","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40793-x","article-title":"Genomic analysis and clinical correlations of non-small cell lung cancer brain metastasis","volume":"14","author":"Skakodub","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2025.06.001","article-title":"Identifying the genomic landscape of EGFR-mutant lung cancers with central nervous system metastases","volume":"36","author":"Wilcox","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03732-5","article-title":"Molecular determinants of sotorasib clinical efficacy in KRASG12C-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"31","author":"Skoulidis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2019.02.009","article-title":"Outcome of patients with non-small cell lung cancer and brain metastases treated with checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"14","author":"Hendriks","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2025.03.025","article-title":"Pan-cancer human brain metastases atlas at single-cell resolution","volume":"43","author":"Xing","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03530-z","article-title":"Single-cell and spatial genomic landscape of non-small cell lung cancer brain metastases","volume":"31","author":"Tagore","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-15-0369","article-title":"Genomic characterization of brain metastases reveals branched evolution and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"5","author":"Brastianos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib184","article-title":"Immunogenomic analysis of human brain metastases reveals diverse immune landscapes across genetically distinct tumors","volume":"4","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Prado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"7948","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05680-3","article-title":"Single-cell spatial immune landscapes of primary and metastatic brain tumours","volume":"614","author":"Karimi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-025-00812-0","article-title":"Progress in personalized immunotherapy for patients with brain metastasis","volume":"9","author":"Patel","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03286-y","article-title":"Prediction of brain metastasis development with DNA methylation signatures","volume":"31","author":"Zuccato","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"50","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4648","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.27837","article-title":"Comparative genomic analysis of primary tumors and paired brain metastases in lung cancer patients by whole exome sequencing: a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Tomasini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2022.05.004","article-title":"Molecular profiling of non-small-cell lung cancer patients with or without brain metastases included in the randomized SAFIR02-LUNG trial and association with intracranial outcome","volume":"169","author":"Mogenet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116449","article-title":"Deciphering genomic evolution of metastatic organotropism with 535 paired primary lung cancers and metastases","volume":"44","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz080","article-title":"Molecular screening program to select molecular-based recommended therapies for metastatic cancer patients: analysis from the ProfiLER trial","volume":"30","author":"Tr\u00e9dan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03538-5","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid circulating tumor DNA profiling for risk stratification and matched treatment of central nervous system metastases","volume":"31","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.01621","article-title":"Systematic review of cerebrospinal fluid biomarker discovery in neuro-oncology: a roadmap to standardization and clinical application","volume":"42","author":"Mikolajewicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03633-7","article-title":"RANO criteria for response assessment of brain metastases based on amino acid PET imaging","volume":"31","author":"Albert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e589","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00315-2","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence for Response Assessment in Neuro Oncology (AI-RANO), part 2: recommendations for standardisation, validation, and good clinical practice","volume":"25","author":"Bakas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e270","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)70057-4","article-title":"Response assessment criteria for brain metastases: proposal from the RANO group","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70294-1","article-title":"International Cognition and Cancer Task Force recommendations to harmonise studies of cognitive function in patients with cancer","volume":"12","author":"Wefel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00336","article-title":"Brain radiation necrosis: current management with a focus on non-small cell lung cancer patients","volume":"8","author":"Loganadane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2023.07.015","article-title":"A systematic review informing the management of symptomatic brain radiation necrosis after stereotactic radiosurgery and international stereotactic radiosurgery society recommendations","volume":"118","author":"Vellayappan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"12 suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noad188","article-title":"The dilemma of radiation necrosis from diagnosis to treatment in the management of brain metastases","volume":"26","author":"Mayo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25945","article-title":"Boswellia serrata acts on cerebral edema in patients irradiated for brain tumors: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trial","volume":"117","author":"Kirste","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.02.016","article-title":"Boswellia serrata for cerebral radiation necrosis after radiosurgery for brain metastases","volume":"122","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"}],"container-title":["Annals of Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0923753426001596?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0923753426001596?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T23:58:52Z","timestamp":1785283132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0923753426001596"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":201,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0923753426001596"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0923-7534"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0923-7534","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Lung cancer brain metastases management at the dawn of personalized medicine: are we ready to break the barriers?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Annals of Oncology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annonc.2026.04.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 European Society for Medical Oncology. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}