{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:06:10Z","timestamp":1790856370824,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","em-consulte.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annales de Chirurgie Plastique Esth\u00e9tique"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T19:52:01Z","timestamp":1776973921000},"page":"480-490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond the LRINEC Score: A stratified diagnostic algorithm for subacute and atypical necrotizing fasciitis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Barani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Pividori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Curings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Bayoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Vantomme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Voulliaume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-018-0219-9","article-title":"2018 WSES\/SIS-E consensus conference: recommendations for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections","volume":"13","author":"Sartelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg WJES"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2024.3365","article-title":"Necrotizing soft tissue infections: a review","volume":"159","author":"McDermott","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e119","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9371","article-title":"Early diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"101","author":"Goh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06928-5","article-title":"Incidence and mortality of necrotizing fasciitis in The Netherlands: the impact of group A Streptococcus","volume":"21","author":"Nawijn","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tkaf031","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkaf031","article-title":"Consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of adult necrotizing fasciitis (2025 Edition)","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001857","article-title":"Optimal timing of initial debridement for necrotizing soft tissue infection: A Practice Management Guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma","volume":"85","author":"Gelbard","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2010.01.028","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of necrotising fasciitis: a multiparametric approach","volume":"75","author":"Morgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000129486.35458.7D","article-title":"The LRINEC (Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis) score: a tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections","volume":"32","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002774","article-title":"Necrotizing soft tissue infection: diagnostic accuracy of physical examination, imaging, and LRINEC Score: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"269","author":"Fernando","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.054","article-title":"Prognostic factors in necrotizing soft-tissue infections (NSTI): A cohort study","volume":"73","author":"Hua","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1600673","article-title":"Necrotizing soft-tissue infections","volume":"377","author":"Stevens","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.10.006","article-title":"Actinomycosis: a great pretender. Case reports of unusual presentations and a review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Acevedo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122601","article-title":"Facultatively anaerobic staphylococci enable anaerobic Cutibacterium species to grow and form biofilms under aerobic conditions","volume":"12","author":"Kaplan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.13107\/jocr.2023.v13.i06.3710","article-title":"The subacute necrotizing fasciitis: the forgotten form of this life-threatening infection. A case report","volume":"13","author":"Tramallino","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000085060.63483.bb","article-title":"Assessing the relationship between the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and necrotizing fasciitis caused by group A Streptococcus","volume":"82","author":"Aronoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0290","unstructured":"Helman A. Necrotizing fasciitis diagnoses and therapy. ACEP Now n.d. https:\/\/www.acepnow.com\/article\/necrotizing-fasciitis-diagnoses-and-therapy\/ (accessed January 25, 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.3.556-569.2005","article-title":"Novel perspectives on mucormycosis: pathophysiology, presentation, and management","volume":"18","author":"Spellberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0300","first-page":"71","article-title":"[Purpura fulminans in adult patients]","volume":"73","author":"Contou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Prat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2016.2.29069","article-title":"Inadequate sensitivity of laboratory risk indicator to rule out necrotizing fasciitis in the emergency department","volume":"17","author":"Burner","year":"2016","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2018.06.029","article-title":"What is the accuracy of physical examination, imaging, and the LRINEC Score for the diagnosis of necrotizing soft tissue infection?","volume":"73","author":"April","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0315","first-page":"1","article-title":"SIARI Score versus LRINEC Score for diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis - A prospective comparative study","volume":"6","author":"Kishor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-019-05061-4","article-title":"The SIARI Score: a novel decision support tool outperforms LRINEC Score in necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"43","author":"Cribb","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2022.04.004","article-title":"Finger test for the diagnosis of a critically ill patient with necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"63","author":"Livshits","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2012.08.009","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis: contribution and limitations of diagnostic imaging","volume":"80","author":"Malghem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-019-0598-4","article-title":"Impact of a multidisciplinary care bundle for necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Urbina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2023.299","article-title":"Negative pressure wound therapy with and without instillation in necrotizing soft tissue infections","volume":"25","author":"Afzal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2004.01108.x","article-title":"The importance of serum creatine phosphokinase level in the early diagnosis and microbiological evaluation of necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"18","author":"Simonart","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E9","DOI":"10.1086\/317525","article-title":"Value of standard laboratory tests for the early recognition of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"32","author":"Simonart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2023.11.008","article-title":"Risk model for predicting mortality in patients with necrotizing soft tissue infections in the intensive care unit","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Burns J Int Soc Burn Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0360","first-page":"1","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis: risk factors of mortality","volume":"8","author":"Khamnuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199905000-00001","article-title":"The role of the plastic surgeon in the management of surgical infection","volume":"103","author":"Lineaweaver","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2014.00036","article-title":"Current concepts in the management of necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"1","author":"Misiakos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0375","first-page":"80","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis: act fast and act together","volume":"38","author":"Barreiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Burns Fire Disasters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0380","series-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis","author":"Wallace","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2021.01.005","article-title":"Flap coverage for necrotising soft tissue infections: A systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Somasundaram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Burns J Int Soc Burn Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5533","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000005533","article-title":"Practical review of necrotizing fasciitis: principles and evidence-based management","volume":"12","author":"Guliyeva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S1015-9584(09)60072-5","article-title":"Use of vacuum-assisted wound closure to manage limb wounds in patients suffering from acute necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Asian J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.18632\/oncoscience.639","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis of the head and neck - clinical features, diagnostics, and management strategies","volume":"12","author":"Aydin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncoscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v12.i7.1305","article-title":"Reconstruction of cervical necrotizing fasciitis defect with the modified keystone flap technique: Two case reports","volume":"12","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5981","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000005981","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis of the hand: management with literature review","volume":"12","author":"Delavari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0415","first-page":"1888","article-title":"Soft-tissue infections and their imaging mimics: from cellulitis to necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"36","author":"Hayeri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiogr Rev Publ Radiol Soc N Am Inc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2907-6","article-title":"Necrotizing soft tissue infection: clinical characteristics and outcomes at a reconstructive center in Jilin Province","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Annales de Chirurgie Plastique Esth\u00e9tique"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0294126026000464?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0294126026000464?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:16:09Z","timestamp":1790853369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0294126026000464"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0294126026000464"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0294-1260"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0294-1260","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Beyond the LRINEC Score: A stratified diagnostic algorithm for subacute and atypical necrotizing fasciitis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Annales de Chirurgie Plastique Esth\u00e9tique","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anplas.2026.04.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}