{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T16:30:57Z","timestamp":1793464257823,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]],"date-time":"2018-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korean Society of Nursing Science","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02f8bpw77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asian-nursingresearch.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Asian Nursing Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,30]],"date-time":"2018-11-30T06:31:22Z","timestamp":1543559482000},"page":"30-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["The 21-Item and 12-Item Versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales: Psychometric Evaluation in a Korean Population"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7188-3857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun-Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Hei","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myung Sun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Suk","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soon Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Sil","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Hee","family":"Cheio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib1","series-title":"Depression and other common mental disorders: Global health estimates","author":"World health organization (WHO)","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.6.1171","article-title":"Quality of life impairment in depressive and anxiety disorders","volume":"162","author":"Rapaport","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib3","series-title":"WHO. Depression [Internet]","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib4","series-title":"Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales","author":"Lovibond","year":"1995"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-U","article-title":"The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the Beck depression and anxiety inventories","volume":"33","author":"Lovibond","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.10.2.176","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample","volume":"10","author":"Antony","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011095624717","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in depressed and anxious patients","volume":"23","author":"Clara","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5215.2007.00217.x","article-title":"The validity of the 21-item version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales as a routine clinical outcome measure","volume":"19","author":"Ng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1348\/014466505X29657","article-title":"The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample","volume":"44","author":"Henry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.21908","article-title":"The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21): further examination of dimensions, scale reliability, and correlates","volume":"68","author":"Osman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/0163278711424282","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation and normative data for the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in a nonclinical sample of U.S. adults","volume":"35","author":"Sinclair","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eval Health Prof"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000207","article-title":"Cross-cultural validation of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 in China","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000250","article-title":"Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales (DASS-21): Factor structure in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation","volume":"32","author":"Randall","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.01.023","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 in older primary care patients","volume":"110","author":"Gloster","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000218","article-title":"Factorial invariance of the DASS-21 among adolescents in four countries","volume":"31","author":"Meller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-009-9306-4","article-title":"The structure of anxiety and depression in a normative sample of younger and older Australian adolescents","volume":"37","author":"Tully","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2015.04.005","article-title":"The Italian version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21: factor structure and psychometric properties on community and clinical samples","volume":"60","author":"Bottesi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-9-21","article-title":"Rasch model analysis of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS)","volume":"9","author":"Shea","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1348\/014466503321903544","article-title":"The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): Normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample","volume":"42","author":"Crawford","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib20","first-page":"82","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) in a non-clinical Iranian sample","volume":"2","author":"Asghari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/135910457000100301","article-title":"Back-translation for cross-cultural research","volume":"1","author":"Brislin","year":"1970","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cross Cult Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.20199","article-title":"Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations","volume":"30","author":"Polit","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib24","first-page":"47","article-title":"Standardization of the Korean version of screening tool for depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9, PHQ-9)","volume":"19","author":"An","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Korean Soc Biol Ther Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.93","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of depression and anxiety measures used with individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"47","author":"Sakakibara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A\u00a0brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-013-9398-6","article-title":"The validity and specificity of the short form of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ)","volume":"36","author":"Fergus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A\u00a0global measure of perceived stress","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J\u00a0Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/scs.12131","article-title":"Korean versions of the perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14, 10 and 4): psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic disease","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand J Caring Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib30","series-title":"Society and the adolescent self-image","first-page":"16","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1965"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib31","first-page":"43","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale(K-RSES) in adult","volume":"12","author":"Bae","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mood Emot"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","article-title":"Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales","volume":"54","author":"Watson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib33","first-page":"935","article-title":"A\u00a0validation study of Korea Positive and Negative Affect Schedule: the PANAS scales","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Korean J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.96.3.465","article-title":"Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states","volume":"96","author":"Watson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib35","first-page":"677","article-title":"Brief report: The factor structure of mood states in an early adolescent sample","volume":"28","author":"Duffy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Adolesc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124187016001004","article-title":"Practical issues in structural modeling","volume":"16","author":"Bentler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Socio Methods Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.3.400","article-title":"On the fit of models to covariances and methodology to the Bulletin","volume":"112","author":"Bentler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib38","series-title":"Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications","first-page":"76","article-title":"Evaluating model fit","author":"Hu","year":"1995"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.2.130","article-title":"Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling","volume":"1","author":"MacCallum","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib40","series-title":"Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming","first-page":"69","author":"Byrne","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib41","series-title":"Making sense of factor analysis","first-page":"167","author":"Pett","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib42","series-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research","first-page":"136","author":"Brown","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016014818163","article-title":"The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21: Spanish translation and validation with a Hispanic sample","volume":"24","author":"Daza","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02295430","article-title":"Full-information item bi-factor analysis","volume":"57","author":"Gibbons","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1080\/15305058.2013.799067","article-title":"A\u00a0tutorial on interpreting bifactor model scores","volume":"13","author":"DeMars","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Test"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib46","series-title":"Practical Guides to biostatistics and epidemiology: Measurement in medicine","first-page":"150","article-title":"Validity","author":"de Vet","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib47","series-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","first-page":"273","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.02.006","article-title":"The COSMIN study reached international consensus on taxonomy, terminology, and definitions of measurement properties for health-related patient-reported outcomes","volume":"63","author":"Mokkink","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-11692012000300022","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis of the Portuguese Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21","volume":"20","author":"Ap\u00f3stolo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Lat Am Enfermagem"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006_bib50","first-page":"295","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale in a sample of medical degree applicants","volume":"20","author":"Yusoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Med J"}],"container-title":["Asian Nursing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1976131718305772?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1976131718305772?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T12:26:29Z","timestamp":1551183989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1976131718305772"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1976131718305772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1976-1317"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1976-1317","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The 21-Item and 12-Item Versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales: Psychometric Evaluation in a Korean Population","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Asian Nursing Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anr.2018.11.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Korean Society of Nursing Science, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}