{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T06:48:52Z","timestamp":1781074132166,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Applied Energy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,16]],"date-time":"2012-03-16T19:07:15Z","timestamp":1331924835000},"page":"267-275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":327,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A comparison of performance of higher alcohols\/diesel fuel blends in a diesel engine"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Javier","family":"Campos-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan M.","family":"Arnal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Pilar","family":"Dorado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1080\/00102200490457510","article-title":"The influence of ethanol additives on the performance and combustion characteristics of diesel engines","volume":"176","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Combust Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2004.05.003","article-title":"Effect of cetane number improver on heat release rate and emissions of high speed diesel engine fueled with ethanol\u2013diesel blend fuel","volume":"83","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0015","unstructured":"Eugene EE, Bechtold RL, Timbario TJ, McCallum PW. State-of-the-art report on the use of alcohols in diesel engines. SAE Paper No. 840118; 1984."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broukhiyan EMH, Lestz SS. Ethanol fumigation of a light duty automotive diesel engine. SAE Paper No. 811209; 1981.","DOI":"10.4271\/811209"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-8904(99)00099-0","article-title":"The effect of alcohol fumigation on diesel engine performance and emissions","volume":"41","author":"Abu-Qudais","year":"2000","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-8524(95)00174-3","article-title":"Performance improvement by control of flow rates and diesel injection timing on dual-fuel engine with ethanol","volume":"56","author":"Noguchi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bioresource Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0961-9534(99)00048-3","article-title":"Experimental study of some performance parameters of a constant speed stationary diesel engine using ethanol-diesel blends as fuel","volume":"17","author":"Ajav","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1080\/00908310252889933","article-title":"The effects of diesel\u2013ethanol blends on diesel engine performance","volume":"24","author":"Bilgin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Energy Sources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-2361(00)00117-4","article-title":"Interest of combining an additive with diesel\u2013ethanol blends for use in diesel engines","volume":"80","author":"Satge de Caro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.33474","article-title":"Evaluation of diesel fuel\u2013ethanol micro-emulsions","volume":"25","author":"Boruff","year":"1982","journal-title":"Trans ASAE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4497","DOI":"10.1021\/ef100498u","article-title":"Stability, lubricity, viscosity, and cold-flow properties of alcohol-diesel blends","volume":"24","author":"Lapuerta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0060","series-title":"Evaluation of oxydiesel as a fuel for direct-injection compression\u2013ignition engines","author":"Hansen","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2003.11.024","article-title":"Effects of ethanol addition on performance and emissions of a turbocharged indirect injection diesel engine running at different injection pressures","volume":"45","author":"Can","year":"2004","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2004.07.010","article-title":"Physico-chemical properties of ethanol\u2013diesel blend fuel and its effect on performance and emissions of diesel engines","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0075","unstructured":"Campos-Fern\u00e1ndez J, Arnal JM, Gomez J, Lacalle N, Dorado MP. Performance tests of a diesel engine fueled with pentanol\/diesel fuel blends, in press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2010.09.015","article-title":"Experimental study of combustion and emission characteristics of ethanol fuelled port injected homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion engine","volume":"88","author":"Maurya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2009.10.016","article-title":"Performance and combustion characteristics of biodiesel\u2013diesel\u2013methanol blend fuelled engine","volume":"87","author":"Qi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2005.03.013","article-title":"Improvement of engine emissions with conventional diesel fuel and diesel\u2013biodiesel blends","volume":"97","author":"Nabi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioresource Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1021\/ef901158a","article-title":"Physical and chemical properties of ethanol-biodiesel blends for diesel engines","volume":"24","author":"Torres-Jimenez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2008.11.003","article-title":"Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using isobutanol\u2013diesel fuel blends","volume":"34","author":"Karabektas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4503","DOI":"10.1021\/ef100505n","article-title":"Investigation of the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel fuel containing butanol under the conditions of diesel engine operation","volume":"24","author":"Lebedevas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3846\/1648-4142.2008.23.306-310","article-title":"The effect of iso-butanol-diesel blends on engine performance","volume":"23","author":"Al-Hasan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2010.03.047","article-title":"Investigation of the performance and emissions of bus engine operating on butanol\/diesel fuel blends","volume":"89","author":"Rakopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2010.02.032","article-title":"Effects of butanol\u2013diesel fuel blends on the performance and emissions of a high-speed DI diesel engine","volume":"51","author":"Rakopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2010.04.008","article-title":"Experimental study of n-butanol additive and multi-injection on HD diesel engine performance and emissions","volume":"89","author":"Yao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2011.03.051","article-title":"Study of turbocharged diesel engine operation, pollutant emissions and combustion noise radiation during starting with bio-diesel or n-butanol diesel fuel blends","volume":"88","author":"Rakopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1243\/0957650001538047","article-title":"Combustion characteristics of higher-alcohol\/gasoline blends","volume":"214","author":"Gautam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng Part A-J Power Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1385\/ABAB:115:1-3:0913","article-title":"Higher-alcohols biorefinery: improvement of catalyst for ethanol conversion","volume":"115","author":"Olson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2005.05.031","article-title":"High production of acetone\u2013butanol\u2013ethanol with high cell density culture by cell-recycling and bleeding","volume":"120","author":"Tashiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0922-338X(95)93217-8","article-title":"Continuous production of acetone-butanol-ethanol using immobilized cells of Clostridium acetobutylicum and integration with product removal by liquid\u2013liquid extraction","volume":"80","author":"Qureshi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Ferment Bioeng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06450","article-title":"Non-fermentative pathways for synthesis of branched-chain higher alcohols as biofuels","volume":"451","author":"Atsumi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2010.09.007","article-title":"An experimental comparison of non-premixed bio-butanol flames with the corresponding flames of ethanol and methane","volume":"90","author":"Agathou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0165","unstructured":"Commission of the European Communities. An EU strategy for biofuels. Brussels; 2006 [COM 34 final]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/ceat.200700335","article-title":"Biofuels \u2013 Economic Aspects","volume":"31","author":"Festel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem Eng Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0175","unstructured":"Semans T, Fontaine A. Innovating through alliance. A case study of the DuPont\u2013BP partnership on biofuels. White Paper \u2013 Pew Center on Global, Climate Change; 2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0180","unstructured":"International Chemical Safety Cards."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2004.04.007","article-title":"Ethanol \u2013 diesel fuel blends \u2013a review","volume":"96","author":"Hansen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioresource Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-1280(03)00257-4","article-title":"DFT studies of the hydrogen abstraction from primary alcohols by O2 in relation with cetane number data","volume":"631","author":"Abou-Rachid","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mol Struct (Theochem)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.8820","article-title":"The effect of waste vegetable oil blend with diesel fuel on engine performance","volume":"45","author":"Dorado","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans ASAE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0200","unstructured":"Code of Federal Regulations 1910.106 \u2013 flammable and combustible liquids. United States of America."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2010.04.001","article-title":"A comparative experimental and computational study of methanol, ethanol, and n-butanol flames","volume":"157","author":"Veloo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Combust Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2009.02.047","article-title":"Utilization of palm oil alkyl esters as an additive in ethanol\u2013diesel and butanol\u2013diesel blends","volume":"88","author":"Chotwichien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kass MD, Thomas JF, Storey JM, Domingo N, Wade J, Kenreck G. Emissions from a 5.9L diesel engine fueled with ethanol diesel blends. SAE Paper no. 01-2018 (SP-1632); 2001.","DOI":"10.4271\/2001-01-2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1021\/ef0202485","article-title":"Testing waste olive oil methyl ester as a fuel in a diesel engine","volume":"17","author":"Dorado","year":"2003","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0225","series-title":"Internal combustion engine fundamentals","author":"Heywood","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desantes JM, Arregle J, Pastor JV, Delage A. Influence of the fuel characteristics on the injection process in a DI diesel engine. SAE Paper no. 980802; 1998.","DOI":"10.4271\/980802"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2007.03.005","article-title":"Experimental heat release analysis and emissions of a HSDI diesel engine fueled with ethanol\u2013diesel fuel blends","volume":"32","author":"Rakopoulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.1021\/ef070149x","article-title":"Experimental study of diesel fuel effects on direct injection (DI) diesel engine performance and pollutant emissions","volume":"21","author":"Zannis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1243\/095440703769683315","article-title":"Composition and size of diesel particulate emissions from a commercial European engine tested with present and future fuels","volume":"217","author":"Lapuerta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng Part D \u2013 J Automobile Eng"}],"container-title":["Applied Energy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030626191200150X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030626191200150X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T10:33:21Z","timestamp":1759660401000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S030626191200150X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S030626191200150X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-2619"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-2619","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A comparison of performance of higher alcohols\/diesel fuel blends in a diesel engine","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Applied Energy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.051","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}