{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T03:53:23Z","timestamp":1776138803992,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Ergonomics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,16]],"date-time":"2012-05-16T17:56:06Z","timestamp":1337190966000},"page":"48-57","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Description and analysis of hand forces in medicine cart pushing tasks"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Jon","family":"Boyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia-hua","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chien-chi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.16.1987","article-title":"Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout, and job dissatisfaction","volume":"288","author":"Aiken","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(98)00019-2","article-title":"Factors affecting minimum push and pull forces of manual carts","volume":"30","author":"Al-Eisawi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1054\/jhsb.1999.0236","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of dominant and non-dominant hand strengths","volume":"24","author":"Armstrong","year":"1999","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Hand Surg. Br."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/001401399185775","article-title":"The psychophysical approach to manual materials handling task design","volume":"42","author":"Ayoub","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130600562876","article-title":"Initial force and postural adaptations when pushing and pulling on floor surfaces with good and reduced resistance to slipping","volume":"49","author":"Boocock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib6","unstructured":"Boyer, J., 2008. Ergonomic exposure assessment to back disorder risk factors among healthcare workers: A description and comparison of hospitals and nursing homes. In doctoral dissertation: Ergonomomic exposures, socioeconomic status, and musculoskeletal disorder risk among healthcare workers. Dissertation. University of Massachusetts Lowell."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20702","article-title":"Ergonomic and socioeconomic risk factors for hospital workers' compensation injury claims","volume":"52","author":"Boyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.083873","article-title":"Association between the decline in workers' compensation claims and workforce composition and job characteristics in Ontario, Canada","volume":"97","author":"Breslin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib9","first-page":"25","article-title":"Exposure assessment strategies for work-related risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"25","author":"Burdorf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib10","series-title":"Case and Demographic Characteristics from Work-related Injuries and Illnesses Involving Days Away from Work. [online]","author":"Bureau of Labor Statistics","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/001401399185829","article-title":"Low-back stresses when learning to use a materials handling device","volume":"42","author":"Chaffin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620590917034","article-title":"Psychophysically determined horizontal and vertical forces of dynamic pushing on high and low coefficient of friction floors for female industrial workers","volume":"2","author":"Ciriello","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2004.005595","article-title":"An evaluation of a \u201cbest practices\u201d musculoskeletal injury prevention program in nursing homes","volume":"10","author":"Collins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(02)00018-2","article-title":"Ergonomics evaluation and redesign of a hospital meal cart","volume":"33","author":"Das","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(00)00070-3","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of peak and cumulative spinal loads during simulated patient-handling activities: a substudy of a randomized controlled trial to prevent lift and transfer injury of health care workers","volume":"32","author":"Daynard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib16","unstructured":"Drury, C., Barnes, R., Daniels, E. American institute of industrial engineers spring annual conference proceedings: Pedestrian operated vehicles in hospitalised. eds. American Institute of Industrial Engineers, Georgia, USA: AIIE, 184\u2013191."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138508963125","article-title":"Influence of restricted space on manual materials handling","volume":"28","author":"Drury","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199403000-00012","article-title":"Physical work load and its assessment among the nursing staff in nursing homes","volume":"36","author":"Engels","year":"1994","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Occup. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.53.9.636","article-title":"Work related risk factors for musculoskeletal complaints in the nursing profession: results of a questionnaire survey","volume":"53","author":"Engels","year":"1996","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2004.12.001","article-title":"Physical limitations and musculoskeletal complaints associated with work in unusual or restricted postures: a literature review","volume":"36","author":"Gallagher","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Saf. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139208967398","article-title":"Reducing back stress to nursing personnel: an ergonomic intervention in a nursing home","volume":"35","author":"Garg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20429","article-title":"The association of socioeconomic status and psychosocial and physical workplace factors with musculoskeletal injury in hospital workers","volume":"50","author":"Gillen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2007.07.004","article-title":"Physical workload of flight attendants when pushing and pulling troleys aboard aircraft","volume":"37","author":"Glitsch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2005.07.006","article-title":"Co-contraction recruitment and spinal load during isometric trunk flexion and extension","volume":"20","author":"Granata","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1518\/001872005774859962","article-title":"Low-back biomechanics and static stability during isometric pushing","volume":"47","author":"Granata","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130310001593577","article-title":"Mechanical loading of the low back and shoulders during pushing and pulling activities","volume":"47","author":"Hoozemans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2007.07.013","article-title":"Cart pushing: the effects of magnitude and direction of exerted push force, and of trunk inclination on low back loading","volume":"37","author":"Hoozemans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1080\/001401398186621","article-title":"Pushing and pulling in relation to musculoskeletal disorders: a review of risk factors","volume":"41","author":"Hoozemans","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib29","series-title":"Final Draft International Standard -ergonomics - Manual Handling - Part 2: Pushing and Pulling","author":"Iso","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2007.07.010","article-title":"Load on the lumbar spine of flight attendants during pushing and pulling trolleys aboard aircraft","volume":"27","author":"Jager","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2005.08.004","article-title":"Measuring the physical demands of work in hospital settings: design and implementation of an ergonomics assessment","volume":"37","author":"Janowitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(02)00002-9","article-title":"Evaluation of ergonomic adjustments of catering carts to reduce external pushing forces","volume":"33","author":"Jansen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2003.012245","article-title":"Dose-response relations between occupational exposures to physical and psychosocial factors and the risk of low back pain","volume":"61","author":"Jansen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2004.08.006","article-title":"Pushing and pulling carts and two-wheeled hand trucks","volume":"35","author":"Jung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(01)00054-0","article-title":"The effect of different surfaces on biomechanical loading of shoulder and lumbar spine during pushing and pulling of two-wheeled containers","volume":"33","author":"Laursen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib36","first-page":"459","article-title":"Development of ergonomic guidelines for manually handled trolleys in the health industry","volume":"9","author":"Lawson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Occup. Health Saf. - Aust. New Zealand"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(91)90310-E","article-title":"Effect of handle height on lower-back loading in cart pushing and pulling","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.08.036","article-title":"Control of trunk motion following sudden stop perturbations during cart pushing","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biomech."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130600665869","article-title":"Pushing and pulling: personal mechanics influence spine loads","volume":"49","author":"Lett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2009.08.005","article-title":"The evaluation of force exertions and muscle activites when operating a manual guided vehicle","volume":"41","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.8.1431","article-title":"Health care system changes and reported musculoskeletal disorders among registered nurses","volume":"94","author":"Lipscomb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(95)00056-9","article-title":"Usability of manual handling aids for transporting materials","volume":"26","author":"Mack","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2005.10.004","article-title":"Spine loading as a function of lift frequency, exposure duration, and work experience","volume":"21","author":"Marras","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(98)00020-5","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of peak vs cumulative physical work exposure risk factors for the reporting of low back pain in the automotive industry","volume":"13","author":"Norman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2092(06)61908-X","article-title":"Preventing injuries using an ergonomic approach","volume":"72","author":"Owen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aorn J."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549091244S103","article-title":"A\u00a0conceptual framework for integrating workplace health promotion and occupational ergonomics programs","volume":"124","author":"Punnett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib47","series-title":"Nursing Workforce: Recruitment and Retention of Nurses and Nurse Aides Is a Growing Concern","author":"Scanlon","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2007.07.008","article-title":"A\u00a0target-based population approach for determining the risk of injury associated with manual pushing and pulling","volume":"37","author":"Schaefer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2007.07.002","article-title":"Muscular capabilities and workload of flight attendants for pushing and pulling trolleys aboard aircraft","volume":"37","author":"Schaub","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2307\/1165280","article-title":"Using sas proc mixed to fit multilevel models, hierarchical models, and individual growth models","volume":"24","author":"Singer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Educ. Behav. Stat."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2006.013839","article-title":"How many employees receive safety training during the first year of a new job?","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139108964855","article-title":"The design of manual handling tasks: Revised tables of maximum acceptable weights and forces","volume":"34","author":"Snook","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(02)00639-6","article-title":"Perceived physical demands and reported musculoskeletal problems in registered nurses","volume":"24","author":"Trinkoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8141(99)00008-6","article-title":"Assessment of exposure to pushing and pulling in epidemiological field studies: an overview of methods, exposure measure, and measurement strategies","volume":"24","author":"Van Der Beek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/001401300184602","article-title":"Gender differences in exerted forces and physiological load during pushing and pulling of wheeled cages by postal workers","volume":"43","author":"Van Der Beek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20824","article-title":"Hazardous task recognition among U.S. Adolescents working in the retail or service industry","volume":"53","author":"Vladutiu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib57","series-title":"Comparing the Sas Glm and Mixed Procedures for Repeated Measures [online]","author":"Wolfinger","year":"1995"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2004.03009.x","article-title":"New low back pain in nurses: work activities, work stress and sedentary lifestyle","volume":"46","author":"Yip","year":"2004","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Adv. Nurs."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3928\/00989134-20110106-01","article-title":"Work organization and health issues in long-term care centers","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Gerontol. Nurs."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.10.008","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]],"date-time":"2013-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372636800000}}],"container-title":["Applied Ergonomics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003687012000580?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003687012000580?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T16:38:49Z","timestamp":1713976729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003687012000580"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0003687012000580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.04.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-6870"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-6870","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}}}