{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T07:10:26Z","timestamp":1793085026096,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000003","name":"Boeing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000003","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Applied Ergonomics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]],"date-time":"2020-07-18T05:29:31Z","timestamp":1595050171000},"page":"103194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Assessing the potential for \u201cundesired\u201d effects of passive back-support exoskeleton use during a simulated manual assembly task: Muscle activity, posture, balance, discomfort, and usability"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Sunwook","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saman","family":"Madinei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mehdi","family":"Alemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Divya","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maury A.","family":"Nussbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2019.05.003","article-title":"A passive exoskeleton reduces peak and mean EMG during symmetric and asymmetric lifting","volume":"47","author":"Alemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol.: Off. J. Int.l Soc. Electrophysiol. Kinesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib2","series-title":"Standard Terminology for Exoskeletons and Exosuits","year":"2019"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2019.1602288","article-title":"The effect of a passive trunk exoskeleton on metabolic costs during lifting and walking","volume":"62","author":"Baltrusch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib4","series-title":"Evaluation of Four Weight Transfer Devices for Reducing Loads on Lower Back during Agricultural Stoop Labor. 01\u20138056","author":"Barrett","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib5","author":"Bates"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20675","article-title":"Standard maximum isometric voluntary contraction tests for normalizing shoulder muscle EMG","volume":"26","author":"Boettcher","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res.: Off. Publ. Orthop. Res. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.12.003","article-title":"The effects of a passive exoskeleton on muscle activity, discomfort and endurance time in forward bending work","volume":"54","author":"Bosch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib8","series-title":"Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Data","author":"Bureau of Labor Statistics","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib9","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib10","series-title":"Cram's Introduction to Surface Electromyography","author":"Criswell","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20750","article-title":"Risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review of recent longitudinal studies","volume":"53","author":"da Costa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2015.1081988","article-title":"Exoskeletons for industrial application and their potential effects on physical work load","volume":"59","author":"de Looze","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.21036","article-title":"Ergonomic practices within patient care units are associated with musculoskeletal pain and limitations","volume":"55","author":"Dennerlein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.3844\/ajassp.2010.1087.1092","article-title":"Work-related musculoskeletal disorders among workers' performing manual material handling work in an automotive manufacturing company","volume":"7","author":"Deros","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2008.12.002","article-title":"PLAD (personal lift assistive device) stiffness affects the lumbar flexion\/extension moment and the posterior chain EMG during symmetrical lifting tasks","volume":"19","author":"Frost","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol.: Off. J. Int.l Soc. Electrophysiol. Kinesiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20653","article-title":"Specific and non-specific upper extremity musculoskeletal disorder syndromes in automobile manufacturing workers","volume":"52","author":"Gold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2004.03.010","article-title":"One set of pliers for more tasks in installation work: the effects on (dis)comfort and productivity","volume":"35","author":"Groenesteijn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/24725838.2019.1573770","article-title":"Subjective evaluation of a passive industrial exoskeleton for lower-back support: a field study in the automotive sector","volume":"7","author":"Hensel","year":"2019","journal-title":"IISE Trans. Occup. Ergon.Hum. Factors"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib19","first-page":"13","article-title":"European recommendations for surface electromyography","volume":"8","author":"Hermens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Roessingh Res. Dev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23080","article-title":"Industrial exoskeletons: need for intervention effectiveness research","volume":"63","author":"Howard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/14639220512331335160","article-title":"Theories of work-related musculoskeletal disorders: implications for ergonomic interventions","volume":"7","author":"Karsh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theor. Issues Ergon. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2018.02.024","article-title":"Assessing the influence of a passive, upper extremity exoskeletal vest for tasks requiring arm elevation: Part II \u2013 \u201cUnexpected\u201d effects on shoulder motion, balance, and spine loading","volume":"70","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109486","article-title":"Effects of a passive back exoskeleton on the mechanical loading of the low-back during symmetric lifting","volume":"102","author":"Koopman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.11.033","article-title":"Effects of a passive exoskeleton on the mechanical loading of the low back in static holding tasks","volume":"83","author":"Koopman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.04.044","article-title":"The effect of control strategies for an active back-support exoskeleton on spine loading and kinematics during lifting","volume":"91","author":"Koopman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/2052-4374-26-16","article-title":"An evidence-based multidisciplinary practice guideline to reduce the workload due to lifting for preventing work-related low back pain","volume":"26","author":"Kuijer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annal. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.08.006","article-title":"The effect of an on-body personal lift assist device (PLAD) on fatigue during a repetitive lifting task","volume":"19","author":"Lotz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol.: Off. J. Int.l Soc. Electrophysiol. Kinesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib28","series-title":"Sjstats: Statistical Functions for Regression Models","author":"L\u00fcdecke","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/24725838.2018.1560376","article-title":"Subjective evaluation of a passive lower-limb industrial exoskeleton used during simulated assembly","volume":"7","author":"Luger","year":"2019","journal-title":"IISE Trans. Occup. Ergon.Hum. Factors"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819890966","article-title":"Biomechanical evaluation of passive back-support exoskeletons in a precision manual assembly task: \u201cexpected\u201d effects on trunk muscle activity, perceived exertion, and task performance","volume":"62","author":"Madinei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib31","article-title":"A comparison of parametric and non-parametric methods applied to a Likert scale","volume":"5","author":"Mircioiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib32","first-page":"1","article-title":"An introduction to the special issue on occupational exoskeletons","author":"Nussbaum","year":"2019","journal-title":"IISE Trans. Occup. Ergon.Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib33","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-12-00239.1","article-title":"You can't fix by analysis what you've spoiled by design: developing survey Instruments and collecting validity evidence","volume":"4","author":"Rickards","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Grad. Med. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib35","series-title":"Emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, Aka Least-Squares Means","author":"Russell","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2011.556259","article-title":"The personal lift-assist device and lifting technique: a principal component analysis","volume":"54","author":"Sadler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.66.3.313","article-title":"Subjective perception of body sway","volume":"66","author":"Schieppati","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2003.09.023","article-title":"Interventions to reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"14","author":"Silverstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol.: Off. J. Int.l Soc. Electrophysiol. Kinesiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-010-9231-y","article-title":"Occupational safety and health interventions to reduce musculoskeletal symptoms in the health care sector","volume":"20","author":"Tullar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Occup. Rehabil."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181311551220","article-title":"Biomechanical effects of a personal weight transfer device in the stooped posture","volume":"55","author":"Ulrey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Hum. Factors Ergonom. Soci.\u2026 Annual Meeting Human Factors Ergonom. Soc. Meet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib41","article-title":"Lower extremity exoskeleton reduces back forces in lifting","volume":"49\u201356","author":"Wehner","year":"2010","journal-title":"ASME 2009 Dynamic Syst. Contr. Conf."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00017-C","article-title":"ISB recommendations for standardization in the reporting of kinematic data","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194_bib43","first-page":"1663","article-title":"Neck muscle fatigue alters upper limb proprioception. Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung","volume":"233","author":"Zabihhosseinian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Cereb."}],"container-title":["Applied Ergonomics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003687020301472?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003687020301472?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T05:43:35Z","timestamp":1757742215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003687020301472"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S0003687020301472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-6870"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-6870","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Assessing the potential for \u201cundesired\u201d effects of passive back-support exoskeleton use during a simulated manual assembly task: Muscle activity, posture, balance, discomfort, and usability","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Applied Ergonomics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103194","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103194"}}