{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:42:57Z","timestamp":1791571377840,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014434","name":"National Agency for Academic Exchange","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021828","name":"DAAD Regional Office New York","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021828","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["57602711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57602711"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Applied Ergonomics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T09:05:01Z","timestamp":1727859901000},"page":"104396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A comparison of vibrotactile patterns in an early warning system for obstacle detection using a haptic vest"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6554-9051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zofia","family":"Samsel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4186-5516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Gunia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1609-3793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena I.","family":"J\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4921-5179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julius","family":"Sch\u00f6ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195828","article-title":"The preparation effect in task switching: Carryover of SOA","volume":"32","author":"Altmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Memory Cogn."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2020.2996748","article-title":"Integrating wearable haptics and obstacle avoidance for the visually impaired in indoor navigation: A user-centered approach","volume":"14","author":"Barontini","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Haptics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.06.016","article-title":"Advanced driver assistance systems: Using multimodal redundant warnings to enhance road safety","volume":"58","author":"Biondi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.11.025","article-title":"Effect of physical effort on mental workload of cyclists in real traffic in relation to age and use of pedelecs","volume":"105","author":"Boele-Vos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b5","series-title":"European commission (2022) road safety thematic report \u2013 Driver distraction. European road safety observatory. Brussels, European commission, directorate general for transport.","author":"Boets","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3448102","article-title":"Investigating the effect of sensory concurrency on learning haptic spatiotemporal signals","volume":"5","author":"Carson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b7","series-title":"Vibrotactile stimuli are perceived more intense at the front than at the back of the torso","author":"Celebi","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b8","first-page":"31","article-title":"Determination of sample size in using central limit theorem for weibull distribution","volume":"17","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M116","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/51A.3.M116","article-title":"Stepping over obstacles: dividing attention impairs performance of old more than young adults","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A: Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.11.009","article-title":"Effectiveness of forward collision warning and autonomous emergency braking systems in reducing front-to-rear crash rates","volume":"99","author":"Cicchino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00313.2020","article-title":"Tactile innervation densities across the whole body","volume":"124","author":"Corniani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b12","series-title":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct)","first-page":"328","article-title":"Evaluating wearable tactile feedback patterns during a virtual reality fighting game","author":"Cui","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1373","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1998.0286","article-title":"Cross\u2013modal links in spatial attention","volume":"353","author":"Driver","year":"1998","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B: Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210801","article-title":"Transfer between vision and haptics: Memory for 2-D patterns and 3-d objects","volume":"4","author":"Easton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b15","series-title":"Haptics 2023\u20132033: Technologies, markets, and players","author":"Edmondson","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2012.01.009","article-title":"The effect of stress on accuracy and speed of judgment","volume":"32","author":"Farhadbeigi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193847","article-title":"The failure to detect tactile change: A tactile analogue of visual change blindness","volume":"13","author":"Gallace","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177705148","article-title":"Snowball sampling","author":"Goodman","year":"1961","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b19","series-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting","first-page":"904","article-title":"NASA-task load index (NASA-TLX); 20 years later","volume":"Vol. 50","author":"Hart","year":"2006"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2005.05.002","article-title":"Using spatial vibrotactile cues to direct visual attention in driving scenes","volume":"8","author":"Ho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3109\/08990220.2013.779243","article-title":"Independent effects of endogenous and exogenous attention in touch","volume":"30","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Somatosens. Mot. Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1163\/156855306778960563","article-title":"Tactile display and vibrotactile pattern recognition on the torso","volume":"20","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Robot."},{"issue":"10\u201312","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-020-01907-4","article-title":"Safexr: alerting walking persons to obstacles in mobile xr environments","volume":"36","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3458021","article-title":"Around-the-head tactile system for supporting micro navigation of people with visual impairments","volume":"28","author":"Kaul","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b25","series-title":"2006 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference","first-page":"573","article-title":"Vibrotactile display for driving safety information","author":"Kim","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b26","series-title":"HCI International 2020\u2013Late Breaking Papers: Virtual and Augmented Reality: 22nd HCI International Conference, HCII 2020, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 19\u201324, 2020, Proceedings 22","first-page":"356","article-title":"Augmented riding: Multimodal applications of AR, VR, and MR to enhance safety for motorcyclists and bicyclists","author":"Kingsley","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b27","series-title":"2015 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Cybernetics","first-page":"293","article-title":"Cognitive enhancement: How to increase chance of survival in the jungle?","author":"Kutt","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.4.880","article-title":"Forty-five years after broadbent (1958): still no identification without attention.","volume":"111","author":"Lachter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130310001629775","article-title":"Distraction from multiple in-vehicle secondary tasks: vehicle performance and mental workload implications","volume":"47","author":"Lansdown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720024497844","article-title":"Collision warning timing, driver distraction, and driver response to imminent rear-end collisions in a high-fidelity driving simulator","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.12.013","article-title":"Tactile warning signals for in-vehicle systems","volume":"75","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b32","series-title":"Advances in Psychology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62394-8","article-title":"Toward development of a cohesive model of workload","volume":"Vol. 52","author":"Meshkati","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b33","series-title":"2022 IEEE 4th Eurasia Conference on IOT, Communication and Engineering","first-page":"286","article-title":"Enhancing the cyclist traffic safety by multimodel interaction design with wearable haptic devices and optical see-through head-mounted displays","author":"Miao","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720809333517","article-title":"Driver reaction time to tactile and auditory rear-end collision warnings while talking on a cell phone","volume":"51","author":"Mohebbi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2010.03.002","article-title":"Unconscious attentional orienting to exogenous cues: A review of the literature","volume":"134","author":"Mulckhuyse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.11.002","article-title":"Effects of auditory and tactile warning on response to visual hazards under a noisy environment","volume":"60","author":"Murata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/cep0000107","article-title":"Load theory behind the wheel; perceptual and cognitive load effects.","volume":"71","author":"Murphy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Exp. Psychol.\/Revue Can. Psychol. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nukarinen, T., Raisamo, R., Farooq, A., Evreinov, G., Surakka, V., 2014. Effects of directional haptic and non-speech audio cues in a cognitively demanding navigation task. In: Proceedings of the 8th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Fun, Fast, Foundational. pp. 61\u201364.","DOI":"10.1145\/2639189.2639231"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b39","series-title":"First Joint Eurohaptics Conference and Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems. World Haptics Conference","first-page":"90","article-title":"Vibrotactile pattern recognition on the arm and torso","author":"Piateski","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00427.x","article-title":"To see or not to see: The need for attention to perceive changes in scenes","volume":"8","author":"Rensink","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b41","series-title":"International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics","first-page":"210","article-title":"Subjective evaluation of road situation alerts using visual, speech and auditory modalities with elderly drivers","author":"Rukonic","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b42","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods","article-title":"Interactive 3D modeling - A survey-based perspective on interactive 3D reconstruction","author":"Sch\u00f6ning","year":"2015"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3672","DOI":"10.3390\/s23073672","article-title":"Grand theft auto-based cycling simulator for cognitive enhancement technologies in dangerous traffic situations","volume":"23","author":"Sch\u00f6ning","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2015.07.507","article-title":"Driver support by a vibrotactile seat matrix\u2013recognition, adequacy and workload of tactile patterns in take-over scenarios during automated driving","volume":"3","author":"Schwalk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X250674","article-title":"A comparison of tactile, visual, and auditory warnings for rear-end collision prevention in simulated driving","volume":"50","author":"Scott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1037\/cjep2007021","article-title":"Recent developments in the study of tactile attention","volume":"61","author":"Spence","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Exp. Psychol.\/Revue Can. Psychol. Exp."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206045","article-title":"Cross-modal links in exogenous covert spatial orienting between touch, audition, and vision","volume":"60","author":"Spence","year":"1998","journal-title":"Perception Psychophys."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b48","first-page":"1298","article-title":"Crossmodal links between vision and touch in covert endogenous spatial attention","volume":"26","author":"Spence","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol.: Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b49","first-page":"4182","article-title":"Haptic technology: A comprehensive review on its applications and future prospects","volume":"4","author":"Sreelakshmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Today: Proc."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00386","article-title":"Driven to distraction: Dual-task studies of simulated driving and conversing on a cellular telephone","volume":"12","author":"Strayer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2004.09.003","article-title":"Vibrotactile in-vehicle navigation system","volume":"7","author":"Van Erp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.005","article-title":"The construct of the multisensory temporal binding window and its dysregulation in developmental disabilities","volume":"64","author":"Wallace","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b53","series-title":"2012 IEEE Haptics Symposium","first-page":"527","article-title":"HALO: Haptic alerts for low-hanging obstacles in white cane navigation","author":"Wang","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf, F., Kuber, R., 2014. Developing tactile feedback for wearable presentation: observations from using a participatory approach. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices & Services. pp. 543\u2013548.","DOI":"10.1145\/2628363.2634230"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396_b55","series-title":"Keep calm and relax \u2014 HMI forself-driving vehicles","author":"Yekta","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Applied Ergonomics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000368702400173X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000368702400173X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T11:45:24Z","timestamp":1730807124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000368702400173X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S000368702400173X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-6870"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-6870","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A comparison of vibrotactile patterns in an early warning system for obstacle detection using a haptic vest","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Applied Ergonomics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104396","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104396"}}