{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T07:07:09Z","timestamp":1785654429067,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Applied Ergonomics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T05:02:02Z","timestamp":1742187722000},"page":"104484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Augmented reality head-mounted display at\u2013sea use causes cybersickness"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Ramy","family":"Kirollos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wasim","family":"Merchant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib1","series-title":"Proceedings IEEE Virtual Reality 2001","article-title":"Tolerance of temporal delay in virtual environments","author":"Allison","year":"2001"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.17.3.283","article-title":"Vection change exacerbates simulator sickness in virtual environments","volume":"17","author":"Bonato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib3","series-title":"Guidelines for Mitigating Cybersickness in Virtual Reality Systems","article-title":"Chapter 4: symptoms and measurement","author":"Bos","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib4","series-title":"Desensitisation Of Sailors (TM-01A027)","author":"Bos","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib5","series-title":"Guidelines for Mitigating Cybersickness in Virtual Reality Systems","article-title":"Introduction","author":"Bos","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib6","first-page":"56","article-title":"A comparison of motion sickness prevalence between seafarers and non-seafarers onboard naval platforms","volume":"57","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Marit. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib7","series-title":"Air Sickness Desnsitizationfor the Canadian Forces - A Recommendation","author":"Cheung","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib8","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib9","article-title":"Chapter 2 - incidence of motion sickness","volume":"vol. 6","author":"Dobie","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib10","article-title":"Chapter 7 - adaptation to provocative motion","volume":"vol. 6","author":"Dobie","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib11","volume":"vol. 6","author":"Dobie","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2024.3483070","article-title":"Cybersickness abatement from repeated exposure to VR with reduced discomfort","author":"Doty","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graph.1-12"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1163\/22134808-20181293","article-title":"Cybersickness: a multisensory integration perspective","volume":"31","author":"Gallagher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multisens. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00338.2018","article-title":"A comparative study of cybersickness during exposure to virtual reality and \u201cclassic\u201d motion sickness: are they different?","volume":"125","author":"Gavgani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib16","first-page":"165","article-title":"Phasic skin conductance activity and motion sickness","volume":"63","author":"Golding","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ. Med."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2006.07.019","article-title":"Motion sickness susceptibility","volume":"129","author":"Golding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/8.3.33","article-title":"Vergence\u2013accommodation conflicts hinder visual performance and cause visual fatigue","volume":"8","author":"Hoffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2007.09.009","article-title":"Characteristics of habituation to motion in a virtual environment","volume":"29","author":"Howarth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Displays"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.2514\/1.449","article-title":"Time delays in visually coupled systems during flight test and simulation","volume":"41","author":"Jennings","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Aircraft"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib21","series-title":"The Impact of Motion on Individual Simulator Sickness in a Moving Base Vr Simulator with Head-Mounted Display (Hmd). Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality","author":"Kaufeld","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2022.102283","article-title":"Optical see-through augmented reality can induce severe motion sickness","volume":"74","author":"Kaufeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Displays"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","article-title":"Simulator sickness questionnaire: an enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness","volume":"3","author":"Kennedy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Aviat. Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1162\/105474600566952","article-title":"Duration and exposure to virtual environments: sickness curves during and across sessions","volume":"9","author":"Kennedy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib25","series-title":"Virtual and Adaptive Environments","article-title":"Con\ufb01gural scoring of simulator sickness, cybersickness and space adaptation syndrome: similarities and differences","author":"Kennedy","year":"2003"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2009.11.006","article-title":"Research in visually induced motion sickness","volume":"41","author":"Kennedy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib27","series-title":"Exploring Behavioral Methods to Reduce Visually Induced Motion Sickness in Virtual Environments. International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality","author":"Keshavarz","year":"2016"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811403736","article-title":"Validating an efficient method to quantify motion sickness","volume":"53","author":"Keshavarz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Human factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib28","article-title":"Pharmacological and non-pharmacological countermeasures to Space Motion Sickness: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Khalid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106484","article-title":"Multisensory integration and the experience of scene instability, presence and cybersickness in virtual environments","volume":"113","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.12.016","article-title":"Virtual reality sickness questionnaire (VRSQ): Motion sickness measurement index in a virtual reality environment","volume":"69","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2023.1130864","article-title":"Comparing cybersickness in virtual reality and mixed reality head-mounted displays","volume":"4","author":"Kirollos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers Virtual Real."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib31","unstructured":"Lawson, B., 2014. Motion sickness symptomatology and origins. In: Handbook of Virtual Environment: Design, implementation, and applications (2 ed., pp. 532-587). CRC Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1121\/1.395295","article-title":"Prediction of the incidence of motion sickness from the magnitude, frequency, and duration of vertical oscillation","volume":"82","author":"Lawther","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.3509.2013","article-title":"Rehabilitation from airsickness in military pilots: long-term treatment effectiveness","volume":"84","author":"Lucertini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib34","series-title":"An Overview of Cybersickness Self Report Measures for Use in DRDC Experiments","author":"Merchant","year":"2022"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib37","first-page":"1321","article-title":"A taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays","volume":"77","author":"Milgram","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Info Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2011.05.010","article-title":"The effects of display delay on simulator sickness","volume":"32","author":"Moss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Displays"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib39","first-page":"497","article-title":"Using flight simulators aboard ships: human side effects of an optimal scenario with smooth seas","volume":"74","author":"Muth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib40","first-page":"497","article-title":"Using flight simulators aboard ships: human side effects of an optimal scenario with smooth seas","volume":"74","author":"Muth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib42","first-page":"366","article-title":"Motion sickness incidence as a function of the frequency and acceleration of vertical sinusoidal motion","volume":"45","author":"O'Hanlon","year":"1974","journal-title":"Aero. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1139\/y90-044","article-title":"Motion sickness: a synthesis and evaluation of the sensory conflict theory","volume":"68","author":"Oman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of constant and time-varying display lag on DVP and cybersickness when making head-movements in virtual reality","author":"Palmisano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib45","first-page":"10","article-title":"Cybersickness onset with reflexive head movements during land and shipboard head-mounted display flight simulation","author":"Patterson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pensacola (FL): Naval Nav. Aerosp. Med. Res. Lab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103200","article-title":"Virtual and augmented reality in a simulated naval engagement: preliminary comparisons of simulator sickness and human performance","volume":"89","author":"Pettijohn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib47","series-title":"Guidelines for Mitigating Cybersickness in Virtual Reality Systems","author":"Proietti","year":"2021"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1177\/014107687807101109","article-title":"Motion sickness adaptation: a neural mismatch model","volume":"71","author":"Reason","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib49","article-title":"Virtual reality is sexist: but it does not have to be","volume":"7","author":"Stanney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers Robot. AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib50","first-page":"373","article-title":"Adaptation to nauseogenic motion stimuli and its application in the treatment of airsickness","author":"Stott","year":"1990","journal-title":"Motion Space Sickness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2024.2330041","article-title":"Investigating the relative contributions of unexpected vection and postural instability to VR cybersickness","author":"Teixeira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib52","first-page":"849","article-title":"Motion sickness incidence during a round-the-world yacht race","volume":"66","author":"Turner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2024.102666","article-title":"The role of lifestyle factors, biological sex, and racial identity for (visually induced) motion sickness susceptibility: insights from an online survey","volume":"82","author":"Umatheva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib36","series-title":"MIL-STD-1472H. Design Criteria Standard: Human Engineering","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib54","series-title":"Human Factors and Ergonomics Considerations when Using Augmented Reality Head Mounted Displays \u2013 Literature Analysis Report","author":"Van Benthem","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib55","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","article-title":"Simulator sickness in augmented reality training using the microsoft hololens","author":"Vovk","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib56","series-title":"2020 IEEE 20th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT)","article-title":"Seeing the unseen: user experience and technology acceptance in Augmented Reality science literacy","author":"Vrellis","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2023.102401","article-title":"Comparison of changes in visual fatigue and ocular surface after 3D and 2D viewing with augmented reality glasses","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Don't make me sick: investigating the incidence of cybersickness in commercial virtual reality headsets","author":"Yildirim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484_bib59","series-title":"IEEE Virtual Reality (VR)","article-title":"Estimating the motion-to-photon latency in head mounted displays","author":"Zhao","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Applied Ergonomics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003687025000201?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003687025000201?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T11:04:04Z","timestamp":1744110244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003687025000201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["S0003687025000201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-6870"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-6870","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Augmented reality head-mounted display at\u2013sea use causes cybersickness","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Applied Ergonomics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104484","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada, as represented by the Deputy Minister of National Defense. Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104484"}}