{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:49:12Z","timestamp":1792090152258,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Applied Ergonomics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T17:39:43Z","timestamp":1771349983000},"page":"104757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Automated vehicle's human-machine interfaces design with haptic feedback: A meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"135","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6538-2650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruiheng","family":"Lan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2131-7579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6438-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingjian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib1","first-page":"3586","article-title":"Multimodal urgency coding: auditory, visual, and tactile parameters and their impact on perceived urgency","volume":"41","author":"Baldwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.04.001","article-title":"Take-over requests in highly automated driving: a crowdsourcing survey on auditory, vibrotactile, and visual displays","volume":"56","author":"Bazilinskyy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. PART F-TRAFFIC Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2016.05.005","article-title":"Objective metrics of comfort: developing a driving style for highly automated vehicles","volume":"41","author":"Bellem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.06.016","article-title":"Advanced driver assistance systems: using multimodal redundant warnings to enhance road safety","volume":"58","author":"Biondi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3141\/2663-05","article-title":"How to drive drivers nuts: effect of auditory, vibrotactile, and multimodal warnings on perceived urgency, annoyance, and acceptability","volume":"2663","author":"Biondi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01470","article-title":"A theoretical framework of haptic processing in automotive user interfaces and its implications on design and engineering","volume":"10","author":"Breitschaft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib7","series-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces","article-title":"Comparing the effects of visual-auditory and visual-tactile feedback on user performance: a meta-analysis","author":"Burke","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1109\/5254.941364","article-title":"Human-centered intelligent vehicles: toward multimodal interface integration","volume":"16","author":"Cellario","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2020.2984913","article-title":"Perception of time-discrete haptic feedback on the waist is invariant with gait events","volume":"28","author":"Cesini","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2024.104252","article-title":"The effects of various auditory takeover requests: a simulated driving study considering the modality of non-driving-related tasks","volume":"118","author":"Chai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib11","series-title":"University of Munich","article-title":"Design of On-body tactile displays to enhance situation awareness in automated vehicles","author":"Chiossi","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib12","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.07.025","article-title":"Directional tactile alerts for take-over requests in highly-automated driving","volume":"65","author":"Cohen-Lazry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. PART F-TRAFFIC Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib14","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Cooper","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00313.2020","article-title":"Tactile innervation densities across the whole body","volume":"124","author":"Corniani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib16","series-title":"12th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, in Automotiveui \u201920","first-page":"34","article-title":"Haptic feedback for the transfer of control in autonomous vehicles","author":"Di Campli San Vito","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2896","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00303.2011","article-title":"The co-occurrence of multisensory facilitation and cross-modal conflict in the human brain","volume":"106","author":"Diaconescu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/joss.12308","article-title":"Evaluation and optimization of a vibrotactile signal in an autonomous driving context","volume":"33","author":"Duthoit","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sens. Stud."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","article-title":"Trim and fill: a simple funnel\u2010plot\u2013based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta\u2010analysis","volume":"56","author":"Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2018.2883862","article-title":"Rolling out the red (and green) carpet: supporting driver decision making in automation-to-manual transitions","volume":"49","author":"Eriksson","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hum.-Mach. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib21","series-title":"Providing Comprehensive Navigational Cues Through the Driving Seat to Reduce Visual Distraction in Current Generation of Semi-autonomous Vehicles","first-page":"882","author":"Farooq","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib22","series-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting","first-page":"1854","article-title":"Reaction times when switching from autonomous to manual driving control: a pilot investigation","author":"Funkhouser","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/fict.2018.00005","article-title":"The use of haptic and tactile information in the car to improve driving safety: a review of current technologies","volume":"5","author":"Gaffary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. ICT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.06.011","article-title":"The comparison of auditory, tactile, and multimodal warnings for the effective communication of unexpected events during an automated driving scenario","volume":"65","author":"Geitner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. PART F-TRAFFIC Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib25","series-title":"Modeling of take-over Performance in Highly Automated Vehicle Guidance","author":"Gold","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931215591360","article-title":"Utilization of drivetime \u2013 performing non-driving related tasks while driving highly automated","volume":"59","author":"Gold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. Annu. Meet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2022.106766","article-title":"A user study of directional tactile and auditory user interfaces for take-over requests in conditionally automated vehicles","volume":"174","author":"Gruden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2018.1441448","article-title":"Driving comfort, enjoyment and acceptance of automated driving \u2013 effects of drivers' age and driving style familiarity","volume":"61","author":"Hartwich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"7414","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2022.07.012","article-title":"Effect of multimodal takeover request issued through A-pillar LED light, earcon, speech message, and haptic seat in conditionally automated driving","volume":"89","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. PART F-TRAFFIC Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106534","article-title":"Takeover requests for automated driving: the effects of signal direction, lead time, and modality on takeover performance","volume":"165","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib32","first-page":"1","article-title":"To inform or to instruct? An evaluation of meaningful vibrotactile patterns to support automated vehicle takeover performance","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hum.-Mach. Syst"},{"issue":"Jan","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib33","article-title":"The effects of age and physical exercise on multimodal signal responses: implications for semi-autonomous vehicle takeover requests","volume":"98","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181319631053","article-title":"Multimodal cue combinations: a possible approach to designing In-Vehicle takeover requests for semi-autonomous driving","volume":"63","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. Annu. Meet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib35","first-page":"135","article-title":"\u201cAge-Related Differences in Takeover Request Modality Preferences and Attention Allocation During Semi-autonomous Driving,\u201d in human aspects of IT for the aged population. Technologies, design and user experience","volume":"vol.12207","author":"Huang","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2022.103694","article-title":"Vibrotactile feedback in virtual motor learning: a systematic review","volume":"101","author":"Islam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/hfm.20235","article-title":"Haptic perceptions in the vehicle seat","volume":"21","author":"Ji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Factors Ergon. Manuf. Serv. Ind."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/hfm.20235","article-title":"Haptic perceptions in the vehicle seat","volume":"21","author":"Ji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Factors Ergon. Manuf. Serv. Ind."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X250638","article-title":"Tactile displays: guidance for their design and application","volume":"50","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Factors J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib40","series-title":"International Research Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, IRCOBI","first-page":"13","article-title":"Seating positions and activities in highly automated Cars\u2013a qualitative study of future automated driving scenarios","author":"Jorl\u00f6v","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib41","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","first-page":"3729","article-title":"HapticHead: a spherical vibrotactile grid around the head for 3D guidance in virtual and augmented reality","author":"Kaul","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s12239-020-0074-z","article-title":"Understanding metrics of vehicle control take-over requests in simulated automated vehicles","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Automot. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.10.009","article-title":"How we can measure the non-driving-task engagement in automated driving: comparing flow experience and workload","volume":"67","author":"Ko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib44","series-title":"Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the impact of haptic feedback locations and mid-air haptic technology on driver's takeover performance in automated vehicles","author":"Lan","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s12239-020-0070-3","article-title":"Analysis of driver's EEG given take-over alarm in SAE level 3 automated driving in a simulated environment","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Automot. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.10.009","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of age-friendly human-machine interfaces on the driver's takeover performance in highly automated vehicles","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12817","article-title":"Quantifying publication bias in meta\u2010analysis","volume":"74","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib49","article-title":"Assessing cognitive workload and driver performance: a comparative study of pneumatic and vibrotactile haptic alerts for takeover requests in autonomous vehicles","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"presented at the 16th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2025)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2019.01.002","article-title":"Age, cognitive load, and multimodal effects on driver response to directional warning","volume":"76","author":"Lundqvist","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib51","series-title":"Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vibrotactile wristband for warning and guiding in automated vehicles","author":"Ma","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib52","series-title":"Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation","first-page":"595","article-title":"Understanding and applying the concept of \u2018Driver Availability\u2019 in automated driving","volume":"vol. 597","author":"Marberger","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94668","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3205022","article-title":"In-Vehicle human machine interface: investigating the effects of tactile displays on information presentation in automated vehicles","volume":"10","author":"Martinez","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib54","series-title":"2016 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","first-page":"1392","article-title":"Towards hybrid driver state monitoring: review, future perspectives and the role of consumer electronics","author":"Melnicuk","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.12.013","article-title":"Tactile warning signals for in-vehicle systems","volume":"75","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.10.012","article-title":"Towards guidelines and verification methods for automated vehicle HMIs","volume":"60","author":"Naujoks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. PART F-TRAFFIC Psychol. Behav."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003583","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"18","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2015.2437871","article-title":"The effect of haptic support systems on driver performance: a Literature Survey","volume":"8","author":"Petermeijer","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Haptics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.02.023","article-title":"Take-over again: investigating multimodal and directional TORs to get the driver back into the loop","volume":"62","author":"Petermeijer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.12.001","article-title":"Comparing spatially static and dynamic vibrotactile take-over requests in the driver seat","volume":"99","author":"Petermeijer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib61","series-title":"2017 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), Banff, AB: IEEE","first-page":"1505","article-title":"Driver response times to auditory, visual, and tactile take-over requests: a simulator study with 101 participants","author":"Petermeijer","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib62","series-title":"Technical University of Munich","first-page":"618","article-title":"The design of a vibrotactile seat for conveying take-over requests in automated driving","author":"Petermeijer","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720818759102","article-title":"What you don't notice can harm you: Age-Related differences in detecting concurrent visual, auditory, and tactile cues","volume":"60","author":"Pitts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Factors J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib64","series-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, in CHI \u201914","first-page":"4067","article-title":"Evaluating multimodal driver displays under varying situational urgency","author":"Politis","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib65","series-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, in Automotiveui \u201915","first-page":"3","article-title":"Language-Based multimodal displays for the handover of control in autonomous cars","author":"Politis","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/ijmhci.2017070101","article-title":"Using multimodal displays to signify critical handovers of control to distracted autonomous car drivers","volume":"9","author":"Politis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mob. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2010.2103057","article-title":"A meta-analysis of vibrotactile and visual information displays for improving task performance","volume":"42","author":"Prewett","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C Appl. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931214581434","article-title":"How traffic situations and non-driving related tasks affect the take-over quality in highly automated driving","volume":"58","author":"Radlmayr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. Annu. Meet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib69","series-title":"2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), Maui, HI","first-page":"1035","article-title":"Should the urgency of auditory-tactile takeover requests match the criticality of takeover situations?","author":"Roche","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2019.2955906","article-title":"Should the urgency of visual-tactile takeover requests match the criticality of takeover situations?","volume":"5","author":"Roche","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X250674","article-title":"A comparison of tactile, visual, and auditory warnings for rear-end collision prevention in simulated driving","volume":"50","author":"Scott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2022.103824","article-title":"Effects of levels of automation and non-driving related tasks on driver performance and workload: a review of literature and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Shahini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2022.106844","article-title":"Non-driving related tasks' effects on takeover and manual driving behavior in a real driving setting: a differentiation approach based on task switching and modality shifting","volume":"178","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib74","article-title":"The principles of operation framework: a comprehensive classification concept for automated driving functions","volume":"3","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAE Int. J. Connect. Autom. Veh."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3786","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2105479","article-title":"Toward hazard or action? Effects of directional vibrotactile takeover requests on takeover performance in automated driving","volume":"39","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Human\u2013Computer Interact."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2017.2749178","article-title":"Displaying System situation awareness increases driver trust in automated driving","volume":"2","author":"Sonoda","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2019.2922901","article-title":"Multi-Sensory Stimuli improve distinguishability of cutaneous haptic cues","volume":"13","author":"Sullivan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Haptics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.06.008","article-title":"The multifaceted interplay between attention and multisensory integration","volume":"14","author":"Talsma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819893137","article-title":"Olfactory facilitation of takeover performance in highly automated driving","volume":"63","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib80","series-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","first-page":"23","article-title":"Haptic seat for automated driving: preparing the driver to take control effectively","author":"Telpaz","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib81","series-title":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing & Multimedia, Munich Germany: ACM","first-page":"84","article-title":"Haptic feedback method using deformation of clothing","author":"Ueda","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05976-4","article-title":"Association between blood lead levels and markers of calcium homeostasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3102\/1076998609346961","article-title":"How many studies do you need?: a primer on statistical power for meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Valentine","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Educ. Behav. Stat."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2017.1404778","article-title":"The effects of vibration patterns of take-over request and non-driving tasks on taking-over control of automated vehicles","volume":"34","author":"Wan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720818768199","article-title":"Effects of non-driving related task modalities on takeover performance in highly automated driving","volume":"60","author":"Wandtner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Factors J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00184","article-title":"Situation awareness and workload in aviation","volume":"11","author":"Wickens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X288394","article-title":"Multiple resources and mental workload","volume":"50","author":"Wickens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Factors J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1954.tb01139.x","article-title":"On the vibrational sensitivity in different regions of the body surface","volume":"31","author":"Wilska","year":"1954","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2022.01.004","article-title":"Non-Driving Related tasks and journey types for future autonomous vehicle owners","volume":"85","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1504\/IJVD.2016.076736","article-title":"The effects of driving with different levels of unreliable automation on self-reported workload and secondary task performance","volume":"70","author":"Winter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Veh. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.11.015","article-title":"Non-driving-related tasks, workload, and takeover performance in highly automated driving contexts","volume":"60","author":"Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.11.018","article-title":"The effects of takeover request modalities on highly automated car control transitions","volume":"123","author":"Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib93","article-title":"Takeover safety analysis with driver monitoring systems and driver-vehicle interfaces in highly automated vehicles","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Sci.-BASEL"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12544-020-00427-5","article-title":"Multimodal warning design for take-over request in conditionally automated driving","volume":"12","author":"Yun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Transp. Res. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19136","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2022.3165192","article-title":"Reading during fully automated driving: a Study of the effect of peripheral visual and haptic information on situation awareness and mental workload","volume":"23","author":"Yusof","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.04.002","article-title":"Is take-over time all that matters? The impact of visual-cognitive load on driver take-over quality after conditionally automated driving","volume":"92","author":"Zeeb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2017.07.008","article-title":"Why is steering not the same as braking? The impact of non-driving related tasks on lateral and longitudinal driver interventions during conditionally automated driving","volume":"50","author":"Zeeb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.04.020","article-title":"Determinants of take-over time from automated driving: a meta-analysis of 129 studies","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2023.104148","article-title":"Road safety: the influence of vibration frequency on driver drowsiness, reaction time, and driving performance","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2025.103862","article-title":"A novel driver monitoring and feedback system improves takeover performance in conditional automated driving","volume":"111","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2021.103490","article-title":"Vibration warning design for reaction time reduction under the environment of intelligent connected vehicles","volume":"96","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757_bib102","series-title":"2016 4th International Conference on User Science and Engineering (i-USEr)","first-page":"128","article-title":"Investigating sensory modalities in fatigue driver warning systems","author":"Zuki","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Applied Ergonomics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003687026000359?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003687026000359?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:25:42Z","timestamp":1788366342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003687026000359"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":102,"alternative-id":["S0003687026000359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-6870"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-6870","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Automated vehicle's human-machine interfaces design with haptic feedback: A meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Applied Ergonomics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104757","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104757"}}