{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:13:59Z","timestamp":1788369239696,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003021","name":"East China University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003021","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Applied Ergonomics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T05:01:21Z","timestamp":1774069281000},"page":"104775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effects of paddle handle design on muscle activity, subjective discomfort, and performance during simulated dragon boat paddling"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Huijuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7239-514X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meiyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6284-9901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baoxia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weilin","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2018.11.010","article-title":"A novel anatomical woodworking chisel handle","volume":"76","author":"Bisht","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07774-7","article-title":"An ergonomic golf grip leads to lower forearm muscle activity-a prospective case series of 30 right-handed amateur and professional golfers","volume":"25","author":"Bochnia","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Muscoskelet. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83900-y","article-title":"The impact of a single surfing paddling cycle on fatigue and energy cost","volume":"11","author":"Borgonovo-Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2008.04.007","article-title":"Extraction of product form features critical to determining consumers' perceptions of product image using a numerical definition-based systematic approach","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2023.104208","article-title":"The effects of umbrella handle shape and grip type on muscle activation and postural variability under windy conditions","volume":"116","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2020.103080","article-title":"3D printed deformable product handle material for improved ergonomics","volume":"82","author":"Cupar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2011.06.016","article-title":"Using pliers in assembly work: short and long task duration effects of gloves on hand performance capabilities and subjective assessments of discomfort and ease of tool manipulation","volume":"43","author":"Dianat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.10.004","article-title":"Effects of tool handle dimension and workpiece orientation and size on wrist ulnar\/radial torque strength, usability and discomfort in a wrench task","volume":"59","author":"Dianat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2023.104093","article-title":"Characterizing the effects of an ergonomic handle on upper limbs kinematics and neuromuscular activity, comfort, and performance during ergometer rowing","volume":"113","author":"Ertel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2025.2533962","article-title":"Influence of using individualised ergonomic handles on upper limb kinematics and neuromuscular activity, perceived comfort and performance during scull rowing","author":"Ertel","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Sports Biomech."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(93)90006-U","article-title":"Sensitivity of the hand to surface pressure","volume":"24","author":"Fransson-Hall","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00421639","article-title":"Mechanical efficiency in rowing","volume":"55","author":"Fukunaga","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib13","first-page":"33","article-title":"Analysis of strength and technical training in dragon boat racing","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contemp. Sports Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.05.114","article-title":"A system to measure the kinematics, kinetics and effort of dragon boat paddling","volume":"13","author":"Gomory","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib15","series-title":"Research on Special Upper Limb Endurance Training Methods for Competitive Dragon Boat Athletes","author":"He","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00027-4","article-title":"Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures","volume":"10","author":"Hermens","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802491350","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of dragon boat paddling: a comparison of elite and sub-elite paddlers","volume":"27","author":"Ho","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318252f612","article-title":"Physiological and physical characteristics of elite dragon boat paddlers","volume":"27","author":"Ho","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Strength Condit Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181668671","article-title":"Rowing skill affects power loss on a modified rowing ergometer","volume":"40","author":"Hofmijster","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2015.08.002","article-title":"Pain and hand function","volume":"32","author":"Howland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hand Clin."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib21","first-page":"1807","article-title":"Muscle oxygenation and energy substrate utilization in 200 m and 500 m sprint paddling in elite dragon boat athletes","volume":"24","author":"Jardsakul","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ. Sport"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib22","first-page":"1083","article-title":"Effects of handle shape and texture on the hand-powered tools performance\u2014A review","volume":"80","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2004.11.003","article-title":"Optimal cylindrical handle diameter for grip force tasks","volume":"35","author":"Kong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2007.05.003","article-title":"Evaluation of handle shapes for screwdriving","volume":"39","author":"Kong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2004.04.001","article-title":"Identifying factors of comfort in using hand tools","volume":"35","author":"Kuijt-Evers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2006.09.019","article-title":"Comfort predictors for different kinds of hand tools: differences and similarities","volume":"37","author":"Kuijt-Evers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181c69ec6","article-title":"A practical approach to monitoring recovery: development of a perceived recovery status scale","volume":"25","author":"Laurent","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Strength Condit Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib28","first-page":"79","article-title":"A study on the relationship between paddling technique, paddle frequency, and paddle stroke length in standard dragon boat 500m races and their impact on boat speed","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Northeast Electr. Power Univ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib29","series-title":"Analysis of Paddling Technique Characteristics of Elite Female Dragon Boat Athletes","author":"Liang","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib30","series-title":"A Sourcebook for Behavioral Scientists","first-page":"233","article-title":"A method of constructing an attitude scale","author":"Likert","year":"1974"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib31","first-page":"76","article-title":"Electromyography during pedaling on upright and recumbent ergometer","volume":"9","author":"Lopes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib32","article-title":"Staff of anthropology research project","volume":"vol 1024","year":"1978"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2013.04.024","article-title":"Developing human factors\/ergonomics as a design discipline","volume":"45","author":"Norros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2016.10.001","article-title":"Effect of handle design on movement dynamics and muscle co-activation in a wrist flexion task","volume":"56","author":"Popp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2014-0171","article-title":"Handle shape affects the grip force distribution and the muscle loadings during power grip tasks","volume":"31","author":"Rossi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.11.008","article-title":"Objective assessment of knife sharpness over a working day cutting meat","volume":"68","author":"Savescu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib37","series-title":"Advances in Physical Ergonomics and Safety","first-page":"411","article-title":"An analysis of grip design for manual hammer stapling tool","author":"Sengupta","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Water dragon boat training monitoring system based on multisensor data fusion technology","volume":"21","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2021.103504","article-title":"Effect of hand loads on upper extremity muscle activity during pushing and pulling motions","volume":"96","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib40","first-page":"243","article-title":"Compatibility as guiding principle for ergonomics work design and preventive occupational health and safety","volume":"76","author":"Strasser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Z. Arb. Wiss."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2013.800913","article-title":"The effect of handle design on upper extremity posture and muscle activity during a pouring task","volume":"56","author":"Uy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2019.06.028","article-title":"Study on safety mode of dragon boat sports physical fitness training based on machine learning","volume":"120","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.25.885","article-title":"Effects of the different screwdriver handle sizes on the forearm muscles activities and wrist motion during screw-driving work","volume":"25","author":"Yoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."}],"container-title":["Applied Ergonomics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003687026000530?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003687026000530?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:26:44Z","timestamp":1788366404000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003687026000530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S0003687026000530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-6870"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-6870","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of paddle handle design on muscle activity, subjective discomfort, and performance during simulated dragon boat paddling","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Applied Ergonomics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104775","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104775"}}