{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:46:51Z","timestamp":1792788411164,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010790","name":"Erasmus Plus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Applied Ergonomics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:00:09Z","timestamp":1790712009000},"page":"104891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Learning aircraft procedures through an immersive virtual reality environment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1678-2022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine","family":"Matton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Imbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Rouillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8298-4959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Coline","family":"Ott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Ribet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A methodological framework to assess the accuracy of virtual reality hand-tracking systems: A case study with the meta quest 2","author":"Abdlkarim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7061623","article-title":"Virtual reality as pedagogical tool to enhance experiential learning: A systematic literature review","author":"Asad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auer, S., Gerken, J., Reiterer, H., Jetter, H.-C., 2021. Comparison between virtual reality and physical flight simulators for cockpit familiarization. In: Proceedings of Mensch Und Computer 2021. pp. 378\u2013392.","DOI":"10.1145\/3473856.3473860"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639","article-title":"Grounded cognition","volume":"59","author":"Barsalou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b5","series-title":"2024 Pilot and technician outlook 2024\u20132043","author":"Boeing","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b6","first-page":"487","article-title":"The effects of device on virtual reality based education: Focused on immersion, social consciousness, and learning motivation","volume":"18","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Korea Contents Assoc."},{"issue":"01","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b7","article-title":"Flow: The psychology of optimal experience","volume":"28","author":"Csikszentmihalyi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Choice Rev. Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2016.08.013","article-title":"EEG-based cognitive load of processing events in 3D virtual worlds is lower than processing events in 2D displays","volume":"122","author":"Dan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2018.09.003","article-title":"Female pelvic floor immersive simulation: a randomized trial to test the effectiveness of a virtual reality anatomic model on resident knowledge of female pelvic anatomy","volume":"26","author":"Ellington","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-015-9348-9","article-title":"Eight ways to promote generative learning","volume":"28","author":"Fiorella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b11","series-title":"Flybywiresim\/aircraft-large-files: Large file repository for A32NX and A380X microsoft flight simulator aircraft","author":"FlyByWire Simulations","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-006-9019-8","article-title":"The influence of positive affect on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: Facilitating enjoyment of play, responsible work behavior, and self-control","volume":"29","author":"Isen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Motiv. Emot."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12885","article-title":"The effect of virtual reality learning on students\u2019 motivation: A scoping review","volume":"40","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Learn."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.92.1.126","article-title":"Incorporating learner experience into the design of multimedia instruction","volume":"92","author":"Kalyuga","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820904229","article-title":"The effects of virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality as training enhancement methods: A meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Kaplan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Factors: J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1355","article-title":"The relative effectiveness of computer-based and traditional resources for education in anatomy","volume":"6","author":"Khot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anat. Sci. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2022.3157250","article-title":"Impact of immersive virtual reality content using 360-degree videos in undergraduate education","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Learn. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b18","series-title":"KLM cityhopper introduces virtual reality training for pilots","author":"KLM","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00436-8","article-title":"Performance evaluation of AR\/VR training technologies for EMS first responders","volume":"25","author":"Koutitas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12910","article-title":"Impact of a virtual prosthetic case planning environment on perceived immersion, cognitive load, authenticity and learning motivation in dental students","volume":"28","author":"Liebermann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dental Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b21","series-title":"Virtual Training Courses: The revolution in flight attendant training","author":"Luftansa Aviation Training","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b22","series-title":"Increasing training efficiency with less environmental impact","author":"Luftansa Aviation Training","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b23","series-title":"Motor Learning and Control","author":"Magill","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-020-09586-2","article-title":"The cognitive affective model of immersive learning (CAMIL): a theoretical research-based model of learning in immersive virtual reality","volume":"33","author":"Makransky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2017.12.007","article-title":"Adding immersive virtual reality to a science lab simulation causes more presence but less learning","volume":"60","author":"Makransky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Learn. Instr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2018.03.009","article-title":"Learning flight procedures by enacting and receiving feedback","volume":"70","author":"Matton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1696","article-title":"The effectiveness of virtual and augmented reality in health sciences and medical anatomy","volume":"10","author":"Moro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat. Sci. Educ."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v15i24.16615","article-title":"A framework for the use of immersive virtual reality in learning environments","volume":"15","author":"Mulders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn. (IJET)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1163\/22134468-bja10034","article-title":"Time compression in virtual reality","volume":"9","author":"Mullen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Timing Time Percept."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b30","article-title":"Laparoscopic surgical box model training for surgical trainees with no prior laparoscopic experience","author":"Nagendran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-017-0421-7","article-title":"A virtual reality flight simulator for human factors engineering","volume":"19","author":"Oberhauser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn. Technol. Work."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2025.100676","article-title":"A systematic review of evidence-based design and pedagogical principles in educational virtual reality environments","volume":"47","author":"Oje","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48952","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3068858","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality for foreign language education: A PRISMA systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Peixoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b34","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103778","article-title":"A systematic review of immersive virtual reality applications for higher education: Design elements, lessons learned, and research agenda","volume":"147","author":"Radianti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6916.2006.00012.x","article-title":"The power of testing memory: Basic research and implications for educational practice","volume":"1","author":"Roediger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b37","first-page":"778","article-title":"Virtual reality training integrated curriculum: An aircraft maintenance technology (AMT) education perspective","volume":"27","author":"Rupasinghe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-018-6063-x","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality-based training improves response in a simulated operating room fire scenario","volume":"32","author":"Sankaranarayanan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2015.238","article-title":"Addressing the 2018forgotten art of fundoscopy2019: evaluation of a novel teaching ophthalmoscope","volume":"30","author":"Schulz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E10","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NEP.0000000000000369","article-title":"Effectiveness of two varying levels of virtual reality simulation","volume":"39","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nurs. Educ. Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b41","series-title":"HCI in Mobility, Transport, and Automotive Systems. Automated Driving and in-Vehicle Experience Design","first-page":"404","article-title":"Investigating the benefits of haptic feedback during in-car interactions in virtual reality","author":"Stamer","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b42","series-title":"Airbus Virtual Procedure Trainer offers an innovative way for pilots to learn procedures using Virtual Reality","author":"Stolzke","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b43","series-title":"How lufthansa aviation training accelerates commercial pilot training with XR","author":"Varjo","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b44","series-title":"VRflow: The most flexible and efficient procedure trainer","author":"VRpilot","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196322","article-title":"Six views of embodied cognition","volume":"9","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9994","article-title":"Experiences of time loss among videogame players: An empirical study","volume":"10","author":"Wood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.12.090","article-title":"The efficacy of immersive virtual reality surgical simulator training for pedicle screw placement: A randomized double-blind controlled trial","volume":"124","author":"Xin","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891_b48","series-title":"2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces","first-page":"893","article-title":"Learning in the field: Comparison of desktop, immersive virtual reality, and actual field trips for place-based STEM education","author":"Zhao","year":"2020"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104918","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000}}],"container-title":["Applied Ergonomics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003687026001699?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003687026001699?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:14:11Z","timestamp":1791465251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003687026001699"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0003687026001699"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-6870"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-6870","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Learning aircraft procedures through an immersive virtual reality environment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Applied Ergonomics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2026.104891","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104891"}}