{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:20:30Z","timestamp":1792603230442,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":43,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004853","name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004853","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T16:42:11Z","timestamp":1760546531000},"page":"100252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["International consensuses and guidelines on central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) by the Asia Pacific Vitreo-retina Society (APVRS), the Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO) and the Academia Retina Internationalis (ARI)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nishant V.","family":"Radke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elon H.C.","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard F.","family":"Spaide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank G.","family":"Holz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9610-4386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideki","family":"Koizumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. Bailey","family":"Freund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6620-5365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousif","family":"Subhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemens","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8932-5343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumit Randhir","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0676-4610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li Jia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"San-Ni","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Chhablani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francine","family":"Behar-Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1295-4528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taraprasad","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1117-3893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian T.","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumi","family":"Gomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Chun","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7832-6428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy Y.Y.","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5054-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher Seungkyu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5541-4305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Lotery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8952-0659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sobha","family":"Sivaprasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingwei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis S.C.","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6737-7932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camiel J.F.","family":"Boon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.00889.x","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14201","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy: a review","volume":"51","author":"Fung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2024.101236","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy: an evidence-based treatment guideline","author":"Feenstra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.07.011","article-title":"Scleral thickness in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"5","author":"Imanaga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retin"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003485","article-title":"REGIONAL SCLERAL THICKNESS AS a RISK FACTOR FOR CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY","volume":"42","author":"Spaide","year":"2022","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3102","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093102","article-title":"Scleral thickness as a risk factor for central serous chorioretinopathy and pachychoroid neovasculopathy","volume":"12","author":"Keidel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib7","unstructured":"PentaVision [Internet]. [cited 2025 June 24]. New Insights on Management of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Available from: \u3008https:\/\/www.retinalphysician.com\/issues\/2021\/may\/new-insights-on-management-of-central-serous-chorioretinopathy\/\u3009."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15263","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of treatments for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: a systematic review with network meta-analyses","volume":"101","author":"van Dijk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-023-00349-y","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy: updates in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye Vis (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-023-00443-2","article-title":"Pathomechanisms in central serous chorioretinopathy: a recent update","volume":"9","author":"Zarnegar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Retin Vitr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib11","article-title":"Consensus and guidelines on diagnosis and management of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) from the Asia-Pacific Vitreo-retina society (APVRS)","volume":"14","author":"Ruamviboonsuk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Philos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib12","unstructured":"Elsevier eBooks+: Ryan\u2019s Retina [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 26]. Available from: \u3008https:\/\/bookshelf.health.elsevier.com\/reader\/books\/9780323722155\/epubcfi\/6\/246\u3009[%3Bvnd.vst.idref%3DCHP0073_1530-1554_B9780323722131000822_0]!\/4\/2[c0073]\/4[otl0010]\/4\/2\/8[li0055]\/6\/10[li0080]\/4[cref80070]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib13","article-title":"Central angiospastic retinitis","volume":"98","author":"Horniker","year":"1937","journal-title":"Klin Mon Augenheilkd"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib14","first-page":"345","article-title":"Ueber klinische beobachtungen bei der in Japan h\u00e4ufig vorkommenden chorioretinitis centralis serosa","volume":"97","author":"Kitahara","year":"1936","journal-title":"Klin Mon Augenheilkd"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib15","first-page":"335","article-title":"Die retinitis centralis annularis. Z augenheilkd","volume":"50","author":"Kraupa","year":"1923"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib16","first-page":"578","article-title":"U di una forma di retinite centrale di origine vasoneurotica","volume":"55","author":"Horniker","year":"1927","journal-title":"Ann Ottalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chhablani J. Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. 1st ed. Elsevier; 2019. XXXIX\u2013XLI.","DOI":"10.15713\/ins.clever.31"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.05.003","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy: recent findings and new physiopathology hypothesis","volume":"48","author":"Daruich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.100955","article-title":"Serous business: delineating the broad spectrum of diseases with subretinal fluid in the macula","volume":"84","author":"van Dijk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.07.026","article-title":"Multimodal Imaging-Based central serous chorioretinopathy classification","volume":"4","author":"Chhablani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9929864","article-title":"Applications of multimodal imaging in central serous chorioretinopathy evaluation","volume":"2021","author":"Ho","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169152","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness in central serous chorioretinopathy: a Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03253-4","article-title":"Pachychoroid disease: review and update","volume":"39","author":"Cheung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2023.10.007","article-title":"Choroidal vascular changes on ultrawidefield indocyanine Green angiography in central serous chorioretinopathy: CERTAIN study report 1","volume":"8","author":"Pauleikhoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retin"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e946","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.16679","article-title":"Choroidal hyperpermeability patterns correlate with disease severity in central serous chorioretinopathy: CERTAIN study report 2","volume":"102","author":"Pauleikhoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S220845","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy: pathogenesis and management","volume":"13","author":"Semeraro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.100973","article-title":"Venous overload choroidopathy: a hypothetical framework for central serous chorioretinopathy and allied disorders","volume":"86","author":"Spaide","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000004436","article-title":"The midwest, downtown, and Sattler\u2019s layer: when everyone knows what we mean, but nobody knows where it is","volume":"45","author":"Spaide","year":"2025","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003376","article-title":"CILIOCHOROIDAL EFFUSION IN CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY","volume":"42","author":"Terao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.1.16","article-title":"Relationship between scleral thickness and choroidal structure in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"64","author":"Imanaga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.01.025","article-title":"Scleral thickness in simple versus complex central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"261","author":"Imanaga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib32","article-title":"Intraocular pressure and ocular perfusion pressure in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"S0002-9394","author":"Piccolino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001916","article-title":"OCULAR PERFUSION PRESSURE AND CHOROIDAL THICKNESS IN CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY AND PIGMENT EPITHELIOPATHY","volume":"39","author":"Yun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2003.038471","article-title":"JE. Effect of hypertension on foveolar choroidal haemodynamics","volume":"88","author":"Schocket","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-23995","article-title":"Choroidal vascular reactivity in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"59","author":"Cardillo Piccolino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.08.002","article-title":"Vigorous physical activity as a risk factor for central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"244","author":"Piccolino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15112","article-title":"Choroidal arteriovenous anastomoses: a hypothesis for the pathogenesis of central serous chorioretinopathy and other pachychoroid disease spectrum abnormalities","volume":"100","author":"Brinks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0163-7","article-title":"Gender variation in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"32","author":"Hanumunthadu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0158-4","article-title":"Pachychoroid disease","volume":"33","author":"Cheung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000742","article-title":"EN FACE IMAGING OF PACHYCHOROID SPECTRUM DISORDERS WITH SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY","volume":"36","author":"Dansingani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000004414","article-title":"ULTRAWIDEFIELD INDOCYANINE Green ANGIOGRAPHIC CHANGES AFTER PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY IN CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY: certain study report 3","volume":"45","author":"Pauleikhoff","year":"2025","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.01.023","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness after treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"117","author":"Maruko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-198700720-00009","article-title":"Type-A behavior and central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"7","author":"Yannuzzi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1159\/000324599","article-title":"Risk factors for recurrence of serous macular detachment in untreated patients with central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"46","author":"Fok","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.48.6.489","article-title":"Alexithymia and emotional distress in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"48","author":"Conrad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2019.1565891","article-title":"Investigating the hypothesis of stress system dysregulation as a risk factor for central serous chorioretinopathy: a literature Mini-Review","volume":"44","author":"Scarinci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib47","first-page":"628","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy and personality characteristics: a systematic review of scientific evidence over the last 10 years (2010\u20132020)","volume":"57","author":"Genovese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e572","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13952","article-title":"Maladaptive personality traits, psychological morbidity and coping strategies in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"97","author":"van Haalen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01361-9","article-title":"Stress and vision-related quality of life in acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"20","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2012.26.4.260","article-title":"Systemic factors associated with central serous chorioretinopathy in Koreans","volume":"26","author":"Eom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000326","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"35","author":"Brodie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.02.012","article-title":"Shift work: a risk factor for central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"165","author":"Bousquet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.7150\/jgen.55545","article-title":"The genetic background of central serous chorioretinopathy: a review on central serous chorioretinopathy genes","volume":"9","author":"Giannopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Genom"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58686-6","article-title":"Rare genetic variation in PTPRB is associated with central serous chorioretinopathy, varicose veins and glaucoma","volume":"16","author":"R\u00e4m\u00f6","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92210-6","article-title":"Genome-wide association and multi-omics analyses provide insights into the disease mechanisms of central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"15","author":"Mori","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.0706","article-title":"Overlap of genetic loci for central serous chorioretinopathy with Age-Related macular degeneration","volume":"141","author":"R\u00e4m\u00f6","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2023.100003","article-title":"Genetic associations of central serous chorioretinopathy subtypes, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000592","article-title":"Latest development on genetics of common retinal diseases","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R K., S C., J S., Cjf B., S S., A L. Central serous chorioretinopathy: An update on risk factors, pathophysiology and imaging modalities. Progress in retinal and eye research [Internet]. 2020 Nov [cited 2025 Apr 14];79. Available from: \u3008https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32407978\/\u3009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100865"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04486-w","article-title":"Corticosteroids usage and central serous chorioretinopathy: a meta-analysis","volume":"258","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.09.034","article-title":"Predictive factors of response to mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in nonresolving central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"198","author":"Bousquet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10220","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32981-2","article-title":"Eplerenone for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy in patients with active, previously untreated disease for more than 4 months (VICI): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"395","author":"Lotery","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.06.020","article-title":"Half-Dose photodynamic therapy versus eplerenone in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (SPECTRA): a randomized controlled trial","volume":"233","author":"van Rijssen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T67","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-17-0009","article-title":"30 YEARS OF THE MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR: the role of the mineralocorticoid receptor in the vasculature","volume":"234","author":"DuPont","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib65","article-title":"Evidence for the use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in the treatment of coronary artery disease and post-angioplasty restenosis","volume":"S1537-1891","author":"Dutzmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vasc Pharm"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy092","article-title":"The mineralocorticoid receptor as a modulator of innate immunity and atherosclerosis","volume":"114","author":"van der Heijden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612821666150105125500","article-title":"Early life stress in depressive patients: role of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors and of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity","volume":"21","author":"Juruena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.01.054","article-title":"An association between central serous chorioretinopathy and gastroesophageal reflux disease","volume":"137","author":"Mansuetta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000278","article-title":"Increased incidence of peptic ulcer disease in central serous chorioretinopathy patients: a population-based retrospective cohort study","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.02.020","article-title":"Association of helicobacter pylori with central serous chorioretinopathy: hypotheses regarding pathogenesis","volume":"63","author":"Giusti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib71","first-page":"118","article-title":"Prevalence of helicobacter pylori infection in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy: a review","volume":"6","author":"Bagheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smolensky M.H., Hermida R.C., Reinberg A., Sackett-Lundeen L., Portaluppi F. Circadian disruption: New clinical perspective of disease pathology and basis for chronotherapeutic intervention. Chronobiology International [Internet]. 2016 Sept 13 [cited 2025 June 1]; Available from: \u3008https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/07420528.2016.1184678\u3009.","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2016.1184678"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib73","first-page":"44","article-title":"Current choroidal imaging findings in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"4","author":"Nkrumah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vis (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000584","article-title":"Recent advances in clinical applications of imaging in retinal diseases","volume":"12","author":"Szeto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05452-1","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy international group. Validation of central serous chorioretinopathy multimodal imaging-based classification system","volume":"260","author":"Chhablani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.049403","article-title":"Ruiz-Moreno JM. Optical coherence tomography characterisation of idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"89","author":"Montero","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.10.014","article-title":"En face enhanced-depth swept-source optical coherence tomography features of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"121","author":"Ferrara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.113","article-title":"Fundus autofluorescence imaging patterns in central serous chorioretinopathy according to chronicity","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.141564","article-title":"Near-infrared and short-wavelength autofluorescence imaging in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"93","author":"Ayata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22952","article-title":"Findings of OCT-angiography compared to fluorescein and indocyanine Green angiography in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"50","author":"Min","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6149","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42623-x","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography compared with indocyanine Green angiography in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5229","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17140","article-title":"OCT angiography compared to fluorescein and indocyanine Green angiography in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"56","author":"Teussink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1411_18","article-title":"Management of central serous chorioretinopathy: expert panel discussion","volume":"66","author":"Chhablani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.16739","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of OCT angiography for macular neovascularization in central serous chorioretinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Kiilgaard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002795","article-title":"OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY-GUIDED PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY FOR ACUTE CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY","volume":"41","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-020-01350-3","article-title":"Fluorescein angiography as a primary guide for reduced-fluence photodynamic therapy for the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"40","author":"Koytak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28890-9","article-title":"Comparison of the fluorescein angiography-guided and indocyanine Green angiography-guided photodynamic therapy in the treatment of non-resolving central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"13","author":"Ebrahimiadib","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2017.11.008","article-title":"Three-Year results of fluorescein Angiography-Guided standard photodynamic therapy with multiple spots for central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"2","author":"Ladas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S115685","article-title":"Chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: long-term follow-up and vision-related quality of life","volume":"11","author":"Breukink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011841","article-title":"Interventions for central serous chorioretinopathy: a network meta-analysis","volume":"2015","author":"Salehi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0381-7","article-title":"Non-resolving, recurrent and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: available treatment options","volume":"33","author":"Sartini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182670fa3","article-title":"Improvement in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy after macular subthreshold laser therapy","volume":"33","author":"Behnia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001729","article-title":"RISK FACTORS FOR RECURRENCES OF CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY","volume":"38","author":"Matet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S242926","article-title":"Risk of recurrence and transition to chronic disease in acute central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"14","author":"Mohabati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.04.014","article-title":"Half-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy for acute central serous chorioretinopathy: one-year results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"115","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib96","first-page":"349","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: a review of data and efficacy","volume":"13","author":"Iacono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e594","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12482","article-title":"System review and meta-analysis on photodynamic therapy in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"92","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-013-2270-2","article-title":"Long-term chorioretinal changes after photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"251","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003686","article-title":"INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR THE SAFETY OF FOVEA-INVOLVING HALF-DOSE PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY FOR CHRONIC CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY","volume":"43","author":"Feenstra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.17507","article-title":"Outcome and safety of multiple photodynamic therapy sessions in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","author":"Chang-Wolf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.04.021","article-title":"Half-Dose photodynamic therapy versus High-Density subthreshold micropulse laser treatment in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: the PLACE trial","volume":"125","author":"van Dijk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.04.007","article-title":"Crossover to photodynamic therapy or micropulse laser after failure of primary treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: the REPLACE trial","volume":"216","author":"van Rijssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.03.025","article-title":"Focal and diffuse chronic central serous chorioretinopathy treated with Half-Dose photodynamic therapy or subthreshold micropulse laser: PLACE trial report no. 3","volume":"205","author":"van Rijssen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2023.10.024","article-title":"Comparing Half-Dose photodynamic therapy with subthreshold micropulse laser for the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"8","author":"Brelen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retin"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.04.014","article-title":"Crossover to Half-Dose photodynamic therapy or eplerenone in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy patients","volume":"6","author":"Feenstra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retin"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003157","article-title":"RESPONSE OF CHOROIDAL ABNORMALITIES TO PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY VERSUS MICROPULSE LASER IN CHRONIC CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY: place trial report no. 4","volume":"41","author":"van Rijssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003363","article-title":"EFFICACY OF HALF-DOSE PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY VERSUS HIGH-DENSITY SUBTHRESHOLD MICROPULSE LASER FOR TREATING PIGMENT EPITHELIAL DETACHMENTS IN CHRONIC CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY","volume":"42","author":"Feenstra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49153-7","article-title":"Long-term visual outcomes in pachychoroid spectrum diseases and its associating factors of eyes with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"13","author":"Azuma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib109","article-title":"Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for central serous chorioretinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Larsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.11.040","article-title":"Collaborative retrospective macula society study of photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"121","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib111","first-page":"264","article-title":"Current pharmacological treatment options for central serous chorioretinopathy: a review","volume":"13","author":"Nicol\u00f2","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001303","article-title":"MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST TREATMENT IN BILATERAL CHRONIC CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY: a COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXUDATIVE AND NONEXUDATIVE FELLOW EYES","volume":"37","author":"Gergely","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-018-0137-8","article-title":"Eplerenone in the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy: a review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"Chatziralli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Retin Vitr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05836-x","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy patients after primary treatment of oral eplerenone or half-dose photodynamic therapy and crossover treatment: SPECTRA trial report no. 3","volume":"261","author":"Feenstra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2014.0173","article-title":"Treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy with oral methotrexate","volume":"31","author":"Abrishami","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharm Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib116","series-title":"In: Chhablani J, editor. Central Serous Chorioretinopathy [Internet]","article-title":"Chapter 21 - oral agents in the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy","author":"Petkovsek","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1159\/000439600","article-title":"Subthreshold micropulse laser (577 nm) treatment in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"234","author":"Scholz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04999-9","article-title":"Selective retina therapy (SRT) in patients with therapy refractory persistent acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC): 3 months functional and morphological results","volume":"259","author":"B\u00fcttner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2015.208","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for acute central serous chorioretinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2014.28.4.306","article-title":"Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor versus observation in acute central serous chorioretinopathy: one-year results","volume":"28","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib121","first-page":"5036248","article-title":"Intravitreal Ziv-Aflibercept in treatment of Na\u00efve chronic central serous chorioretinopathy related choroidal neovascular membrane","volume":"2017","author":"Radke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-306018","article-title":"A prospective pilot study of intravitreal aflibercept for the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: the CONTAIN study","volume":"99","author":"Pitcher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-010-1581-9","article-title":"The efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab for idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"249","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003807","article-title":"SINGLE-SESSION BILATERAL REDUCED-SETTINGS PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY FOR BILATERAL CHRONIC CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY","volume":"43","author":"Pauleikhoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib125","first-page":"382","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy in pregnancy","volume":"66","author":"Ochinciuc","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rom J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.10.2010.3387","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy secondary to childbirth","volume":"2010","author":"Hirji","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.97920","article-title":"Incidence and natural course of symptomatic central serous chorioretinopathy in pregnant women in a maternity hospital in Kuwait","volume":"19","author":"Said-Ahmed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2015.215","article-title":"Comparison of subfoveal choroidal thickness in healthy pregnancy and pre-eclampsia","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5580075","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of Pregnancy-Associated central serous chorioretinopathy in the Chinese population","volume":"2021","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107754","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid antagonists in the treatment of central serous chorioetinopathy: review of the pre-clinical and clinical evidence","volume":"187","author":"Bousquet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-023-02628-3","article-title":"The choroidal nervous system: a link between mineralocorticoid receptor and pachychoroid","volume":"146","author":"Leclercq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab670","article-title":"The cortisol response of Male and female choroidal endothelial cells: implications for central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"107","author":"Brinks","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.100994","article-title":"Exploring the choroidal vascular labyrinth and its molecular and structural roles in health and disease","volume":"87","author":"Brinks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesh R., Agarwal M., Kantha M. Efficacy of oral rifampicin in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology [Internet]. 2018 Oct 16 [cited 2025 June 1]; Available from: \u3008https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/2515841418807130\u3009.","DOI":"10.1177\/2515841418807130"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-015-2989-z","article-title":"Oral rifampin treatment for longstanding chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"254","author":"Shulman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31825dd281","article-title":"Low-dose methotrexate for the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: a retrospective analysis","volume":"32","author":"Kurup","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(98)00378-X","article-title":"Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"127","author":"Iijima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S12583","article-title":"Low-dose aspirin as treatment for central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"4","author":"Caccavale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01157-0","article-title":"Acetazolamide for central serous retinopathy","volume":"109","author":"Pikkel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2024.100096","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for retinal diseases","volume":"13","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2024.100090","article-title":"Latest developments of generative artificial intelligence and applications in ophthalmology","volume":"13","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000614","article-title":"Federated AI, current state, and future potential","volume":"12","author":"Clark","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0568-y","article-title":"Oral medications for central serous chorioretinopathy: a literature review","volume":"34","author":"Fusi-Rubiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.05.025","article-title":"Predictive genes for the prognosis of central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"3","author":"Hosoda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib145","first-page":"505","article-title":"Genetic factors associated with treatment response to reduced-fluence photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"26","author":"Hayashida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15213","article-title":"Eplerenone repurposing in management of chorioretinopathy: mechanism, nanomedicine-based delivery applications and future trends","volume":"88","author":"Abdelhakeem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharm"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-024-00952-9","article-title":"Perspectives and update on the global shortage of verteporfin (Visudyne\u00ae)","volume":"13","author":"Sirks","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2227424","article-title":"Intravitreal injections with anti-VEGF agent aflibercept versus subthreshold micropulse laser for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: the alternative treatment regimens for verteporfin-shortage in China","volume":"55","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1522","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15148","article-title":"Clinical impact of the worldwide shortage of verteporfin (Visudyne\u00ae) on ophthalmic care","volume":"100","author":"Sirks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181be0a83","article-title":"Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"29","author":"Imamura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70531-8","article-title":"Choroidal capillary and venous congestion in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"121","author":"Pr\u00fcnte","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib152","article-title":"Association of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy with subclinical Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Soares","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000655","article-title":"OUTCOMES OF TREATMENT OF CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION ASSOCIATED WITH CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY WITH INTRAVITREAL ANTIANGIOGENIC AGENTS","volume":"35","author":"Chhablani","year":"2015","journal-title":"RETINA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.02.039","article-title":"Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for choroidal neovascularization secondary to central serous chorioretinopathy, secondary to punctate inner choroidopathy, or of idiopathic origin","volume":"143","author":"Chan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1077_18","article-title":"Management of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"66","author":"Hanumunthadu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2162098925001197?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2162098925001197?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T15:31:15Z","timestamp":1766158275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2162098925001197"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":155,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2162098925001197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252","relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-0989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-0989","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"International consensuses and guidelines on central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) by the Asia Pacific Vitreo-retina Society (APVRS), the Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO) and the Academia Retina Internationalis (ARI)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100252","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology and Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100252"}}