{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:07:15Z","timestamp":1777896435235,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003347","name":"Fudan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T16:37:44Z","timestamp":1772728664000},"page":"100297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["International consensuses and guidelines on clinical practices on abducens nerve palsy by the Asia-Pacific Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Society (APSPOS) and the Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6047-2945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonal K.","family":"Farzavandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0389-6274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miho","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boon Long","family":"Quah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon T.","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thandalam S.","family":"Surendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"An-Guor","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0837-2864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong-Min","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita S.","family":"Sitorus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4894-9533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srijana","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepanee","family":"Wewalwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huy","family":"Van Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huy Dinh Minh","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6711-9191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlene","family":"Yim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yueping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4303-0547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanxing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason C.","family":"Yam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1373-7637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.04.009","article-title":"Isolated third, fourth, sixth cranial nerve palsies from presumed microvascular versus other cause: a prospective study","volume":"120","author":"Tamhankar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702720","article-title":"Clinical features and natural history of acquired third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve palsy","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/01.APO.0000617940.70112.be","article-title":"Acquired ocular motor palsy: current demographic and etiological profile","volume":"9","author":"Phuljhele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.05.024","article-title":"Incidence, associations, and evaluation of sixth nerve palsy using a population-based method","volume":"111","author":"Patel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54975-5","article-title":"The incidence and etiology of sixth cranial nerve palsy in Koreans: a 10-year nationwide cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-025-01027-x","article-title":"Life time risk, sex and age differences in annual incidence of ocular motor cranial nerve palsy in Japan for 2019","volume":"5","author":"Miyata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/09273972.2022.2138919","article-title":"Aetiologies of acquired pediatric sixth nerve palsies in a U.K. based population","volume":"30","author":"Evans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-016-0671-4","article-title":"Isolated abducens nerve palsy: update on evaluation and diagnosis","volume":"16","author":"Elder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(98)00090-3","article-title":"Sixth nerve palsies in children","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pedia Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02173302","article-title":"Botulinum toxin treatment of acute sixth and third nerve palsy","volume":"226","author":"Metz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1995.110","article-title":"Spontaneous recovery rates for unilateral sixth nerve palsies","volume":"9","author":"King","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100144","article-title":"Consensus and guidelines on diagnosis and management of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) from the Asia-Pacific Vitreo-retina Society (APVRS)","volume":"14","author":"Ruamviboonsuk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01226-5","article-title":"Cause and prognosis of nontraumatic sixth nerve palsies in young adults","volume":"109","author":"Peters","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib14","first-page":"801","article-title":"Isolated sixth nerve palsy as a first presentation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A case series","volume":"14","author":"Lekskul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Med Case Rep J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2211_21","article-title":"Clinical profile and management of sixth nerve palsy in pediatric patients (0-15 years) in Southern India - A hospital-based study","volume":"70","author":"Kalita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(80)35280-9","article-title":"Paralytic strabismus in children. Etiologic incidence and management of the third, fourth, and sixth nerve palsies","volume":"87","author":"Harley","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10668","article-title":"Radiation-relatedcranialnervepalsyinpatientswithnasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"95","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210201200111","article-title":"Outcome of abducens nerve paralysis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Ilhan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/09273972.2023.2232419","article-title":"COVID-19 and sudden-onset ocular neurogenic palsy in prior healthy patients: a systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Spiteri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S396022","article-title":"Incidence and Risk Factors of Cranial Nerve Palsy in Patients with Tuberculous Meningitis: A Retrospective Evaluation","volume":"16","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3109\/09273972.2015.1130067","article-title":"The forgotten syndrome? Four cases ofGradenigo'ssyndromeand a review of the literature","volume":"24","author":"Jensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19940901-03","article-title":"Results of a prospective randomized trial of botulinum toxin therapy in acute unilateralsixthnervepalsy","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pedia Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib23","first-page":"479","article-title":"Sixthcranialnervepalsyingiantcellarteritis: A systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Sawada","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Rheuma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2009.22","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of children with benignabducensnervepalsy","volume":"24","author":"Sturm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib25","first-page":"296","article-title":"Diagnostic approach and management principles of abducens nerve palsy","volume":"16","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin J Ophthalmol Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib26","unstructured":"Fraine L. Nonsurgical management of diplopia Am Orthopt J2012. 621318."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e3283567276","article-title":"Prism use in adult diplopia","volume":"23","author":"Gunton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_939_21","article-title":"Prisms in the treatment of diplopia with strabismus of various etiologies","volume":"70","author":"Anilkumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1080\/08820538.2019.1620795","article-title":"Theroleofbotulinumtoxinin thetreatmentofstrabismus","volume":"34","author":"Escuder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701460","article-title":"Botulinumtoxin treatment for acute traumatic completesixthnervepalsy","volume":"19","author":"Hung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib31","first-page":"259","article-title":"Botulinumtoxininjectionwith and without electromyographic assistance for treatment of abducens nerve palsy: a pilot study. J AAPOS","volume":"12","author":"Sanjari","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(00)70003-6","article-title":"Botulinum toxin treatment versus conservative management in acute traumatic sixth nerve palsy or paresis","volume":"4","author":"Holmes","year":"2000","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(85)33982-9","article-title":"Botulinumtoxininjectionin themanagementoflateralrectusparesis","volume":"92","author":"Scott","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/09273972.2024.2420707","article-title":"An evaluation of 30 years' experience in the use of botulinum toxin injections in the management of sixth nerve palsies","volume":"33","author":"Schneider","year":"2025","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.276","article-title":"Botulinum toxin as aninitialtherapyformanagementofsixthnervepalsies caused by nasopharyngeal carcinomas","volume":"32","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2010.09.012","article-title":"Long-term results of vertical rectus muscle transposition andbotulinumtoxin forsixthnervepalsy","volume":"14","author":"Leiba","year":"2010","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-4182(01)80062-4","article-title":"Vertical rectus muscle transposition and botulinum toxin for complete sixth nerve palsy","volume":"36","author":"Flanders","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2010.09.009","article-title":"Etiology andtreatmentof pediatricsixthnervepalsy","volume":"14","author":"Merino","year":"2010","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00633-9","article-title":"Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Predictors of nonrecovery in acute traumatic sixth nerve palsy and paresis","volume":"108","author":"Holmes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000178","article-title":"Verticalrectustranspositionsinsixthnervepalsies","volume":"26","author":"Gunton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib41","first-page":"198","article-title":"Treatmentofsixthnervepalsy","volume":"52","author":"Gunton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pedia Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-05310-8","article-title":"Long term efficacy of recession and resection for abducens nerve palsy with targeting overcorrection of 5 prism diopters","volume":"15","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.795665","article-title":"Supramaximal horizontal rectus recession-resection surgery for complete unilateral abducensnervepalsy","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib44","first-page":"71","article-title":"Weitere Ertahunger mit partiellar Sehnenuberpflanzung an der Augenmuskln. (abstract)","volume":"62","author":"Hummelsheim","year":"1908","journal-title":"Arch Augenheilkd"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-20000701-04","article-title":"G. Augmented Hummelsheim procedure for paralytic strabismus","volume":"37","author":"Brooks","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pedia Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2012.02.015","article-title":"Augmented Hummelsheim procedure to treat complete abducens nerve palsy","volume":"16","author":"Couser","year":"2012","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20160810-01","article-title":"Doubleaugmentedverticalrectustranspositionfor large-angle esotropia due to sixth nerve palsy","volume":"53","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pedia Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05352-4","article-title":"ComparisonbetweenHummelsheimand Jensen procedures in the management of chronic sixth nerve palsy","volume":"260","author":"Arfeen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib49","first-page":"593","article-title":"A new type of tendon transplant operation for abducens paralysis","volume":"31","author":"Schillinger","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Int Coll Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(97)90019-7","article-title":"Vertical muscle transposition augmented with lateral fixation","volume":"1","author":"Foster","year":"1997","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.167","article-title":"Verticalmuscletranspositionaugmentedwithlateralfixation(Foster)suturefor Duane syndrome and sixth nerve palsy","volume":"27","author":"Akar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2015.01.007","article-title":"Outcomes of three different vertical rectus muscle transposition procedures for complete abducens nerve palsy","volume":"19","author":"del Pilar Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.02.019","article-title":"Outcomes after superior rectus transposition and medial rectus recession versus vertical recti transposition for sixth nerve palsy","volume":"177","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib54","first-page":"359","article-title":"Rectus muscle union: a new operation for paralysis of the rectus muscles","volume":"45","author":"Jensen","year":"1964","journal-title":"Trans Pac Coast Otoophthalmol Soc Annu Meet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721241229480","article-title":"Outcomes of \"a new modification of Jensen technique combined with medial rectus recession\" in patients with complete sixth cranial nerve palsy","volume":"34","author":"Farvardin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.384","article-title":"Superior rectus transposition combined with medial rectus recession for duane syndrome and sixth nerve palsy","volume":"130","author":"Mehendale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2016.07.227","article-title":"Augmentedsuperiorrectustranspositionwithmedialrectusrecessioninpatients withabducensnervepalsy","volume":"20","author":"Patil-Chhablani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-018-4102-x","article-title":"Application of SRT plus MR recession in supra-maximal esotropia from chronic sixth nerve palsy","volume":"257","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.05.013","article-title":"Adjustable graded augmentation of superior rectus transposition for treatment of abducens nerve palsy and Duane syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Dagi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.09.010","article-title":"Outcomes of modified vertical rectus belly transposition versus augmented superior rectus transposition for chronic abducens nerve palsy","volume":"25","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.2856","article-title":"Effect of modified vertical rectus belly transposition versus augmented superior rectus transposition plus medial rectus recession for chronic sixth nerve palsy: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"140","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.02.021","article-title":"Inferiorrectustransposition: a novel procedure for abducens palsy","volume":"177","author":"Velez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.05.020","article-title":"Surgical results of a muscle transposition procedure for abducens palsy without tenotomy and muscle splitting","volume":"156","author":"Muraki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_768_16","article-title":"No split, no tenotomy transposition procedure for complete abducens palsy","volume":"65","author":"Murthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-320751","article-title":"Three-muscle surgery for large-angle esotropia in chronic sixth nerve palsy: comparison of two approaches","volume":"107","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib66","article-title":"OutcomesofNishidamuscletranspositionprocedureforabducensnerve palsy","author":"Maher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71248-6","article-title":"Anterior segment ischemia after the Jensen procedure in a 10-year-old patient","volume":"119","author":"Bleik","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2004.08.010","article-title":"Anterior segment ischemia following augmented 2-muscle transposition surgery","volume":"8","author":"Simon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.05.014","article-title":"Incidence of symptomatic vertical and torsional diplopia after superior rectus transposition for esotropic Duane syndrome and abducens nerve palsy","volume":"24","author":"Escuder","year":"2020","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2014.06.008","article-title":"Assessmentoftorsionaftersuperiorrectustranspositionwith or without medial rectus recession for Duane syndrome and abducens nerve palsy","volume":"18","author":"Velez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2011.11.010","article-title":"Intraoperative monitoring of torsion to prevent vertical deviations during augmented vertical rectus transposition surgery","volume":"16","author":"Holmes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J AAPOS"}],"container-title":["Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S216209892600023X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S216209892600023X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:23:44Z","timestamp":1777623824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S216209892600023X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S216209892600023X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297","relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-0989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-0989","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"International consensuses and guidelines on clinical practices on abducens nerve palsy by the Asia-Pacific Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Society (APSPOS) and the Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apjo.2026.100297","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology and Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100297"}}