{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T22:07:07Z","timestamp":1790546827787,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,30]],"date-time":"2009-04-30T05:12:25Z","timestamp":1241068345000},"page":"876-885","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":155,"title":["A Systematic Review of the Management of Orthostatic Hypotension After Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Andrei","family":"Krassioukov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice J.","family":"Eng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren E.","family":"Warburton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Teasell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.5.1470","article-title":"Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy","volume":"46","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib2","first-page":"S6","article-title":"Orthostatic hypotension: causes, mechanisms, and influencing factors","volume":"45","author":"Mathias","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101259","article-title":"The prevalence and association of neck (coat-hanger) pain and orthostatic (postural) hypotension in human spinal cord injury","volume":"40","author":"Cariga","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.25984","article-title":"Circulatory hypokinesis and functional electric stimulation during standing in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"82","author":"Faghri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101089","article-title":"The prevalence of orthostatic hypotension during physiotherapy treatment in patients with an acute spinal cord injury","volume":"38","author":"Illman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101855","article-title":"Orthostatic hypotension following spinal cord injury: understanding clinical pathophysiology","volume":"44","author":"Claydon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100436","article-title":"Postural hypotension and abnormalities of salt and water metabolism in myelopathy patients","volume":"35","author":"Frisbie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102064","article-title":"Orthostatic hypotension in the first month following acute spinal cord injury","volume":"46","author":"Sidorov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)52014-4","article-title":"The clinical problems in cardiovascular control following spinal cord injury: an overview","volume":"152","author":"Krassioukov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0870553","article-title":"Effects of leg muscle pumping and tensing on orthostatic arterial pressure: a study in normal subjects and patients with autonomic failure","volume":"87","author":"Ten Harkel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2003.11753653","article-title":"Nitric oxide in microgravity-induced orthostatic intolerance: relevance to spinal cord injury","volume":"26","author":"Vaziri","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.01.025","article-title":"iNOS expression in rat aorta is increased after spinal cord transection: a possible cause of orthostatic hypotension in man","volume":"415","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2007.11753907","article-title":"Normalization of supine blood pressure after nitric oxide synthase inhibition in persons with tetraplegia","volume":"30","author":"Wecht","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90162-4","article-title":"Nontraumatic spinal cord injury: incidence, epidemiology, and functional outcome","volume":"80","author":"McKinley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-817727","article-title":"Treatment of orthostatic hypotension","volume":"23","author":"Freeman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib16","series-title":"Treatment of orthostatic and postprandial hypotension","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-198806000-00007","article-title":"Risk factors for early occurring pressure ulcers following spinal cord injury","volume":"67","author":"Mawson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60281-6","article-title":"Evidence for physiotherapy practice: a survey of the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro)","volume":"48","author":"Moseley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aust J Physiother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stroke rehabilitation evidence-based review: methodology","volume":"10","author":"Foley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1301-1","article-title":"Spinal cord injury rehabilitation evidence: method of the SCIRE systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Eng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib21","series-title":"Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM","author":"Sackett","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753752","article-title":"Double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of midodrine for exercise performance enhancement in tetraplegia: a pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Nieshoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00314991","article-title":"Pharmacological evidence of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic supersensitivity in orthostatic hypotension due to spinal cord injury: a case report","volume":"41","author":"Senard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100959","article-title":"Midodrine hydrochloride and the treatment of orthostatic hypotension in tetraplegia: two cases and a review of the literature","volume":"38","author":"Barber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib25","first-page":"56","article-title":"Orthostatic hypotension after spinal cord injury: treatment with fludrocortisone and ergotamine","volume":"72","author":"Groomes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.56.243","article-title":"Effect of L-threo-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylserine on orthostatic hypotension in a patient with spinal cord injury","volume":"56","author":"Muneta","year":"1992","journal-title":"Jpn Circ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.22350","article-title":"Midodrine for the management of orthostatic hypotension in patients with spinal cord injury: a case report","volume":"82","author":"Mukand","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753744","article-title":"Postural hypotension, hyponatremia, and salt and water intake: case reports","volume":"27","author":"Frisbie","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-971889","article-title":"Limits to maximal performance in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"19","author":"Hopman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/003655098444101","article-title":"Blood redistribution and circulatory responses to submaximal arm exercise in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"30","author":"Hopman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101952","article-title":"Effect of harness application and postural changes on cardiovascular parameters of individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"44","author":"Krassioukov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199506000-00018","article-title":"Effect of an abdominal binder during wheelchair exercise","volume":"27","author":"Kerk","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib33","first-page":"101","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary response in spinal cord injury patients: effect of pneumatic compressive devices","volume":"64","author":"Huang","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib34","first-page":"7","article-title":"Control of orthostatic hypotension of quadriplegic patients with a pressure suite","volume":"44","author":"Vallbona","year":"1963","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib35","first-page":"535","article-title":"Effect of functional neuromuscular stimulation on postural related orthostatic stress in individuals with acute spinal cord injury","volume":"37","author":"Elokda","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215502cr570oa","article-title":"Electrically induced and voluntary activation of physiologic muscle pump: a comparison between spinal cord-injured and able-bodied individuals","volume":"16","author":"Faghri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(00)90131-X","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation effect on orthostatic hypotension after spinal cord injury","volume":"81","author":"Sampson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2281.2002.00386.x","article-title":"Cardiovascular responses during submaximal electrical stimulation-induced leg cycling in individuals with paraplegia","volume":"22","author":"Raymond","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib39","first-page":"1085","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation leg cycle ergometer exercise: training effects on cardiorespiratory responses of spinal cord injured subjects at rest and during submaximal exercise","volume":"73","author":"Faghri","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.69.2.671","article-title":"Cardiovascular responses to arm cranking and FNS-induced leg exercise in paraplegics","volume":"69","author":"Davis","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.12.033","article-title":"The effects of lower-extremity functional electric stimulation on the orthostatic responses of people with tetraplegia","volume":"86","author":"Chao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050583","article-title":"Cardiovascular responses to an orthostatic challenge and electrical-stimulation-induced leg muscle contractions in individuals with paraplegia","volume":"80","author":"Raymond","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib43","first-page":"251","article-title":"Upper limb exercise effect on tilt tolerance during orthostatic training of patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"65","author":"Lopes","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01004.2004","article-title":"Effects of body weight-supported treadmill training on heart rate variability and blood pressure variability in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"98","author":"Ditor","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib45","first-page":"R1189","article-title":"Autonomic functions and orthostatic responses 24 h after acute intense exercise in paraplegic subjects","volume":"266","author":"Engelke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.48","article-title":"Non-pharmacological management of orthostatic hypotension after spinal cord injury: a critical review of the literature","volume":"46","author":"Gillis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.1.120","article-title":"A double-blind, dose-response study of midodrine in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension","volume":"51","author":"Wright","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib48","series-title":"CPS (compendium of pharmaceuticals and specialties: the Canadian drug reference for health professionals","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291388","article-title":"Fludrocortisone and sleeping in the head-up position limit the postural decrease in cardiac output in autonomic failure","volume":"10","author":"van Lieshout","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1984.00350170203031","article-title":"Orthostatic hypotension, II: clinical diagnosis, testing, and treatment","volume":"144","author":"Schatz","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000092917.96558.3C","article-title":"The sympathomimetic actions of l-ephedrine and d-pseudoephedrine: direct receptor activation or norepinephrine release?","volume":"97","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000122269.05049.e7","article-title":"Salt supplementation improves orthostatic cerebral and peripheral vascular control in patients with syncope","volume":"43","author":"Claydon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(76)90150-9","article-title":"Diurnal pattern of water and electrolyte excretion and body weight in idiopathic orthostatic hypotension: the effect of three treatments","volume":"61","author":"Davidson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200232010-00002","article-title":"Physiology of wheelchair racing in athletes with spinal cord injury","volume":"32","author":"Bhambhani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000065225.18093.E4","article-title":"Cardiovascular control during exercise: insights from spinal cord-injured humans","volume":"107","author":"Dela","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199410000-00006","article-title":"Catecholamine response to exercise and training in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"26","author":"Bloomfield","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100970","article-title":"Systemic circulation and cerebral oxygenation during head-up tilt in spinal cord injured individuals","volume":"38","author":"Houtman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/107.1.183","article-title":"Sympathetic activity in man after spinal cord injury: outflow to skin below the lesion","volume":"107","author":"Wallin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-003-0115-5","article-title":"Cardiac autonomic responses to progressive head-up tilt in individuals with paraplegia","volume":"13","author":"Wecht","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199715120-00083","article-title":"Circadian blood pressure rhythm in patients with higher and lower spinal cord injury: simultaneous evaluation of autonomic nervous activity and physical activity","volume":"15","author":"Munakata","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hypertens"}],"container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000399930900121X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000399930900121X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]],"date-time":"2019-02-08T00:03:19Z","timestamp":1549584199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000399930900121X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S000399930900121X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}}}