{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T15:58:21Z","timestamp":1792857501780,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000890","name":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["archives-pmr.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,28]],"date-time":"2013-05-28T20:51:46Z","timestamp":1369774306000},"page":"1971-1981.e1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Cognitive Reserve and Symptom Experience in Multiple Sclerosis: A Buffer to Disability Progression Over Time?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Carolyn E.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian R.","family":"Quaranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian C.","family":"Healy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph H.","family":"Benedict","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy L.","family":"Vollmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib1","series-title":"Cognitive reserve: theory and applications","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004","article-title":"Cognitive reserve","volume":"47","author":"Stern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2006.03.008","article-title":"Therapy-induced plasticity of cognitive functions in MS patients: insights from fMRI","volume":"99","author":"Penner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Physiol Paris"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1159\/000167791","article-title":"Activities of daily living, cerebral glucose metabolism, and cognitive reserve in Lewy body and Parkinson's disease","volume":"26","author":"Perneczky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2009.10.001","article-title":"The neurobiology of brain and cognitive reserve: mental and physical activity as modulators of brain disorders","volume":"89","author":"Nithianantharajah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512444914","article-title":"Cognitive reserve and patient-reported outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Schwartz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2013.776621","article-title":"Altruism and health outcomes in multiple sclerosis: the effect of cognitive reserve","volume":"8","author":"Schwartz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Posit Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2012.07.006","article-title":"Cognitive reserve and appraisal in multiple sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Schwartz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506075031","article-title":"Validation of the NARCOMS Registry: diagnosis","volume":"13","author":"Marrie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.1.63","article-title":"Reliability and validity of two self-report measures of impairment and disability for MS. North American Research Consortium on Multiple Sclerosis Outcomes Study Group","volume":"52","author":"Schwartz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.01.012","article-title":"The Symptom Inventory disability-specific short-forms for multiple sclerosis: construct validity, responsiveness, and interpretation","volume":"93","author":"Schwartz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.03.006","article-title":"The Symptom Inventory disability-specific short-forms for multiple sclerosis: reliability and factor structure","volume":"93","author":"Schwartz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.2.251","article-title":"Disease steps in multiple sclerosis: a simple approach to evaluate disease progression","volume":"45","author":"Hohol","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.10.008","article-title":"Brain structure and function related to cognitive reserve variables in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"30","author":"Sole-Padulles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.12.2236","article-title":"Influence of leisure activity on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"57","author":"Scarmeas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073-10.3.81","article-title":"Validation of the NARCOMS Registry: depression assessment","volume":"10","author":"Marrie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J MS Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458505ms1216oa","article-title":"Validation of the NARCOMS Registry: fatigue assessment","volume":"11","author":"Marrie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458505ms1167oa","article-title":"Validation of the NARCOMS Registry: pain assessment","volume":"11","author":"Marrie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib19","series-title":"Applied longitudinal data analysis: modeling change and event occurrence","author":"Singer","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.59.1.12","article-title":"Clinical significance: a statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research","volume":"59","author":"Jacobson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.2307\/2529876","article-title":"Random-effects models for longitudinal data","volume":"38","author":"Laird","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib22","series-title":"Data mining with Rattle and R: the art of excavating data for knowledge discovery","author":"Williams","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib23","series-title":"Classification and regression trees","author":"Breiman","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib24","series-title":"McAlpine's multiple sclerosis","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20637","article-title":"A life course approach to cognitive reserve: a model for cognitive aging and development?","volume":"58","author":"Richards","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.3400","article-title":"Midlife fitness and the development of chronic conditions in later life","volume":"172","author":"Willis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.01.064","article-title":"MRI relapses have significant pathologic and clinical implications in multiple sclerosis","volume":"256","author":"Traboulsee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-12-11","article-title":"Meningeal and cortical grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Popescu","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508098270","article-title":"Brain atrophy evolution and lesion load accrual in multiple sclerosis: a 2-year follow-up study","volume":"15","author":"Tedeschi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp070","article-title":"The relation between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains","volume":"132","author":"Frischer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709090912","article-title":"Cognitive reserve moderates the negative effect of brain atrophy on cognitive efficiency in multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Sumowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp307","article-title":"Intellectual enrichment is linked to cerebral efficiency in multiple sclerosis: functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for cognitive reserve","volume":"133","author":"Sumowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512451510","article-title":"Onset of progressive phase is an age-dependent clinical milestone in multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Tutuncu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e4fc52","article-title":"Does cognitive reserve apply to multiple sclerosis?","volume":"74","author":"Arnett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710001748","article-title":"Conceptual and measurement challenges in research on cognitive reserve","volume":"17","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"}],"container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999313004048?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999313004048?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T06:57:34Z","timestamp":1757746654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003999313004048"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0003999313004048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cognitive Reserve and Symptom Experience in Multiple Sclerosis: A Buffer to Disability Progression Over Time?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}