{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:35:42Z","timestamp":1786984542942,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]],"date-time":"2015-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422748800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","archives-pmr.org","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,23]],"date-time":"2014-10-23T02:00:52Z","timestamp":1414029652000},"page":"181-187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Efficacy of Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Mental Imagery, and Phantom Exercise Training on Phantom Limb: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Stefano","family":"Brunelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3602-4197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Morone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Iosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Ciotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"De Giorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calogero","family":"Foti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Traballesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Phantom sensation, phantom pain and stump pain","volume":"74","author":"Davis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(02)00538-9","article-title":"Phantom pain and risk factors: a multivariate analysis","volume":"24","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2000.7583","article-title":"Chronic phantom sensations, phantom pain, residual limb pain, and other regional pain after lower limb amputation","volume":"81","author":"Ehde","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00482-009-0786-5","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of phantom limb pain and phantom limb sensations in Germany: a nationwide field survey","volume":"23","author":"Kern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schmerz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280010029859","article-title":"Phantom limb pain and residual limb pain following lower limb amputation: a descriptive analysis","volume":"23","author":"Gallagher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib6","first-page":"345","article-title":"Phantom limb syndrome: a review","volume":"19","author":"Chahine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Middle East J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib7","first-page":"559","article-title":"Phantom limb related phenomena and their rehabilitation after lower limb amputation","volume":"45","author":"Casale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200204000-00010","article-title":"Analgesic effects of intravenous lidocaine and morphine on postamputation pain: a randomized double-blind, active placebo-controlled, crossover trial","volume":"96","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2009.05.012","article-title":"A presumed case of phantom limb pain treated successfully with duloxetine and pregabalin","volume":"32","author":"Spiegel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31817f4523","article-title":"Morphine versus mexiletine for treatment of postamputation pain: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial","volume":"109","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200611000-00023","article-title":"A randomized study of the effects of gabapentin on postamputation pain","volume":"105","author":"Nikolajsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2005.05.0082","article-title":"Efficacy of gabapentin in treating chronic phantom limb and residual limb pain","volume":"42","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1179\/1743132811Y.0000000045","article-title":"Long-term analgesic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor cortex and serum beta-endorphin in patients with phantom pain","volume":"33","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.03.040","article-title":"Motor and parietal cortex stimulation for phantom limb pain and sensations","volume":"154","author":"Bolognini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3182466034","article-title":"Mind-body interventions for treatment of phantom limb pain in persons with amputation","volume":"91","author":"Moura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215502cr507oa","article-title":"Hypnotic imagery as a treatment for phantom limb pain: two case reports and a review","volume":"16","author":"Oakley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035644","article-title":"Hypnotic approaches for chronic pain management","volume":"69","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am Psycol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2012.25.4.272","article-title":"Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1177\/030089161209800134","article-title":"Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain in an adolescent cancer survivor","volume":"98","author":"Clerici","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0933","article-title":"Home-based self-delivered mirror therapy for phantom pain: a pilot study","volume":"44","author":"Darnall","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280410001708913","article-title":"Mirror treatment of lower\u00a0limb phantom pain: a case study","volume":"26","author":"MacLachlan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181b845b0","article-title":"Preamputation mirror therapy may prevent development of phantom limb pain: a case series","volume":"110","author":"Hanling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc071927","article-title":"Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain","volume":"357","author":"Chan","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3181b74698","article-title":"Mirror therapy in the rehabilitation of lower-limb amputation: are there any contraindications?","volume":"88","author":"Casale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn124","article-title":"Phantom limb pain, cortical reorganization and the therapeutic effect of mental imagery","volume":"131","author":"MacIver","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00034026","article-title":"The representing brain: neural correlates of motor intention and imagery","volume":"17","author":"Jeannerod","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(95)00073-C","article-title":"Mental imagery in the motor context","volume":"33","author":"Jeannerod","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2011.563816","article-title":"Individual differences in response to\u00a0phantom limb movement therapy","volume":"33","author":"Mcavinue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0380","article-title":"Effectiveness of phantom exercises for phantom limb pain: a pilot study","volume":"41","author":"\u00dclger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr337","article-title":"Disentangling motor execution from motor imagery with the phantom limb","volume":"135","author":"Raffin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000249112.56935.32","article-title":"Graded motor imagery for pathologic pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"Moseley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.01048.x","article-title":"Decreasing phantom limb pain through observation of action and imagery: a case series","volume":"12","author":"Beaumont","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.03.031","article-title":"Phantom pain, residual limb pain, and back pain in amputees: results of a national survey","volume":"86","author":"Ephraim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1300\/J137v13n03_04","article-title":"Progressive muscle relaxation","volume":"13","author":"McCallie","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hum Behav Soc Envir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(79)90139-8","article-title":"Treatment of phantom limb pain with muscular relaxation training to disrupt the pain-anxiety-tension cycle","volume":"6","author":"Sherman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/981634","article-title":"Treatment of chronic phantom limb pain using a trauma-focused psychological approach","volume":"15","author":"de Roos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1975.tb00927.x","article-title":"A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients","volume":"23","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6703_13","article-title":"Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories-IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients","volume":"67","author":"Beck","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12203","article-title":"Becoming conscious: the science of mindfulness","volume":"1303","author":"Paulson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Measuring long-term outcome in people with lower limb amputation: cross-validation of the Italian versions of the Prosthetic Profile of the Amputee and Prothesis Evaluation Questionnaire","volume":"41","author":"Ferriero","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Medicophys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib41","series-title":"Guide for the use of the Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire","first-page":"1","author":"Prosthetic Research Study","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib42","first-page":"607","article-title":"Validazione della versione italiana della Brief Pain Inventory nei pazienti con dolore cronico","volume":"68","author":"Bonezzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib43","unstructured":"Cleeland CS. The Brief Pain Inventory User Guide. Houston, Texas 2009. p1-11. Available at: http:\/\/www.mdanderson.org\/education-and-research\/departments-programs-and-labs\/departments-and-divisions\/symptom-research\/symptom-assessment-tools\/BPI_UserGuide.pdf. Accessed April 14,\u00a02014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib44","series-title":"Phantom pain","author":"Sherman","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-10-03609.2001","article-title":"Reorganization of motor and somatosensory cortex in upper extremity amputees with phantom limb pain","volume":"21","author":"Birbaumer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/375482a0","article-title":"Phantom limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization following arm amputation","volume":"375","author":"Flor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)05003-5","article-title":"Cortical origins of pathological pain","volume":"354","author":"Harris","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.06.026","article-title":"Is mirror therapy all it is cracked up to be? Current evidence and future directions","volume":"138","author":"Moseley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(80)90092-5","article-title":"A survey of current phantom limb pain treatment in the United States","volume":"8","author":"Sherman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4592-11.2012","article-title":"Functional expansion of sensorimotor representation and structural reorganization of callosal connections in lower limb amputees","volume":"32","author":"Sim\u00f5es","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/neucas\/7.3.255","article-title":"Different brain areas activated during imagery of painful and non-painful \u2018finger movements\u2019 in a subject with an amputated arm","volume":"7","author":"Ros\u00e9n","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734611428730","article-title":"Phantom limb pain after lower limb trauma: origins and treatments","volume":"10","author":"Foell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Low Extrem Wounds"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.02.020","article-title":"Mirrored, imagined and executed movements differentially activate sensorimotor cortex in amputees with and without phantom limb pain","volume":"149","author":"Diers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(01)00356-6","article-title":"Variation in phantom limb pain: results of a diary study","volume":"22","author":"Whyte","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0412-4","article-title":"An augmented reality home-training system based on the mirror training and imagery approach","volume":"46","author":"Trojan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"}],"container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999314011654?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999314011654?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T10:47:41Z","timestamp":1565952461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003999314011654"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0003999314011654"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Efficacy of Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Mental Imagery, and Phantom Exercise Training on Phantom Limb: A Randomized Controlled Trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.035","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}